Glucose production from hydrolysis of cellulose over a novel silica catalyst under hydrothermal conditions

A novel silica catalyst was synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method and tested for the catalytic selective hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. This silica catalyst exhibited a higher catalytic activity than other oxides prepared by the same method, such as ZrO₂, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃. Using silica as a catalyst, cellulose was selectively hydrolyzed into glucose with a glucose yield as high as 50% under hydrothermal conditions without hydrogen gas. The silica catalyst was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD) and textural properties indicated that the synergistic effect between strong acidity and a suitable pore diameter of the silica catalyst may be responsible for its high activity. In addition, the catalyst was recyclable and showed excellent stability during the recycle catalytic runs.     

Layered sphere-shaped TiO2 capped with gold nanoparticles on structural defects and their catalysis of formaldehyde oxidation

We describe here a one-step method for the synthesis of Au/TiO₂ nanosphere materials, which were formed by layered deposition of multiple anatase TiO₂ nanosheets. The Au nanoparticles were stabilized by structural defects in each TiO₂ nanosheet, including crystal steps and edges, thereby fixing the Au–TiO₂ perimeter interface. Reactant transfer occurred along the gaps between these TiO₂ nanosheet layers and in contact with catalytically active sites at the Au–TiO₂ interface. The doped Au induced the formation of oxygen vacancies in the Au–TiO₂ interface. Such vacancies are essential for generating active oxygen species (*O⁻) on the TiO₂ surface and Ti^3 + ions in bulk TiO₂. These ions can then form Ti^3 +–O⁻–Ti^4 + species, which are known to enhance the catalytic activity of formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation. These studies on structural and oxygen vacancy defects in Au/TiO₂ samples provide a theoretical foundation for the catalytic mechanism of HCHO oxidation on oxide-supported Au materials.     

氧化铝生产环境负荷指标及评价模型研究

针对氧化铝生产过程中的环境问题,建立了氧化铝生产环境负荷的资源消耗指标、能源消耗指标和环境排放指标。并就多产品环境负荷的分摊原则进行了说明。提出了定量计算氧化铝整个生产过程环境负荷的数学模型。用该模型不仅能计算出最终产品氧化铝的环境负荷,而且也可计算出各中间工序产品的环境负荷,这为改善氧化铝的环境负荷提供了依据。     

Antimony smelting process generating solid wastes and dust：Characterization and leaching behaviors

A large amount of solid waste has been produced by the antimony smelting process in the＂World Capital of Antimony＂, Xikuangshan area in China. This study comprehensively investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of the various solid wastes, as well as the leaching behavior of the solid wastes, which included water-quenched slag,arsenic-alkali residue, desulfurized slag and blast furnace dust. These four types of waste were enriched in a variety of heavy metals and metalloids and more specifically with As and Sb levels up to 8.6 × 104 and 3.16 × 105mg/kg, respectively, in arsenic-alkali residue. For desulfurized slag and water-quenched slag, the leaching concentration of Sb significantly exceeded the acceptable limits during the leaching tests using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure. In addition, As leaching in arsenic-alkali residue was extraordinarily hazardous, being three orders of magnitude higher than the regulatory level of As. According to the results of the extraction tests, all the tested wastes were classified as hazardous waste.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from MSW incineration in China: Impacts of waste characteristics and energy recovery

Determination of the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted during municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is complex because both contributions and savings of GHGs exist in the process. To identify the critical factors influencing GHG emissions from MSWI in China, a GHG accounting model was established and applied to six Chinese cities located in different regions. The results showed that MSWI in most of the cities was the source of GHGs, with emissions of 25–207 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. Within all process stages, the emission of fossil CO₂ from the combustion of MSW was the main contributor (111–254 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw), while the substitution of electricity reduced the GHG emissions by 150–247 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. By affecting the fossil carbon content and the lower heating value of the waste, the contents of plastic and food waste in the MSW were the critical factors influencing GHG emissions of MSWI. Decreasing food waste content in MSW by half will significantly reduce the GHG emissions from MSWI, and such a reduction will convert MSWI in Urumqi and Tianjin from GHG sources to GHG sinks. Comparison of the GHG emissions in the six Chinese cities with those in European countries revealed that higher energy recovery efficiency in Europe induced much greater reductions in GHG emissions. Recovering the excess heat after generation of electricity would be a good measure to convert MSWI in all the six cities evaluated herein into sinks of GHGs.     

离子交换膜的制备及发展趋势研究

总结当前离子交换膜制备技术的发展状况.从膜的分类及膜性能出发,讨论均相膜及异相膜的差异和今后各自的发展前景,并就提升膜单方面性能(如:选择透过性、离子交换容量、膜电阻、抗氧化性等)的方式进行归纳总结.离子交换膜的改进制备大多从结构上入手,提出今后膜制备的主要研究方向为:深化均相膜制备技术、结合国内成熟的离子交换树脂制备工艺改进异相膜的制备技术.     

浅析环保思想在企业CI战略中的应用和作用

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的确立，以市场战略为导向的CI逐步在中国兴起。文中分析了环保思想在企业口战略中的应用和作用。     

The win-win pathway of economic growth and CO2 emission reduction: a case study for China

ABSTRACT

Continuously reducing the CO₂ intensity of GDP is the core strategy for developing countries to realize the dual targets of economic growth and CO₂ emissions reduction. The measures are twofold: one is to strengthen energy saving and decrease energy intensity of GDP and the other is to promote energy structural decarbonization and reduce CO₂ intensity of energy consumption. In order to control global temperature rise no more than 2°C, the decrease in CO₂ intensity of GDP needs surpass 4% before 2030, but it could be merely about 2% based on the current trend. Therefore, all countries ought to speed up the low-carbon transition in energy and economy. As for China, keeping a continuous decline in CO₂ intensity of GDP of 4%–5% will ensure the realization of the NDC objectives, and also promotes the early peaking of CO₂ emissions before 2030. China will play a positive leading role in realizing a win-win low-carbon development coordinating sustainable development and climate change mitigation.     

陶瓷碎片基质人工湿地处理污染河水的应用

选取陶瓷碎片废弃物作为基质,芦苇和菖蒲作为湿地植物,构建潜流人工湿地系统,对城市纳污河道内的污染河水进行处理。水力负荷为15cm/d,考察了在较高浓度进水(CODCr和氨氮浓度分别为40~70mg/L和10~35mg/L)和较低浓度进水(CODCr和氨氮浓度分别为15~30mg/L和0.3~3mg/L)2种工况下系统的运行效果。结果表明,在较高浓度进水情况下,系统对CODCr、氨氮的平均去除率分别为10.0%和42.4%;在较低浓度进水情况下,系统对CODCr、氨氮的平均去除率分别为38.5%和63.0%。陶瓷碎片是一种经济有效的湿地基质。     

密云水库不同封育年限灌丛群落结构及演替规律

灌丛群落为华北土石山区常见的次生植被类型,揭示其演替规律对明确北京区域森林动态及经营管理具有重要意义.采用样线调查方法,选择封育5、7、10和15 a的4个地段,进行10 m×10 m样地调查.运用空间代替时间数据处理方法,分析了灌丛群落的物种重要值、生物多样性指数、群落均匀度指数、生态优势度指数以及单位面积生物量变化情况.结果表明:随着封育年限的递增,灌丛先锋阳生性优势种重要值下降,阴生性和乔木树种重要值上升;封育到第7年时,乔木加入演替序列,到第15年时开始构建乔木层片;群落生态优势度指数降低,均匀度指数上升,灌丛植被向生物多样化和生态稳定的方向演替;研究区内植被潜在演替序列为:荆条Vitex negundo var.heterophyllax酸枣Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa灌丛→三裂绣线菊Spiraea trilobata灌丛→山杨Populus davidiana×椴树混交林→蒙古栎Quercus mongolica林.