气溶胶粒度分布的在线测量实验研究

随着雾、霾等气溶胶引起环境问题的加剧,对大气气溶胶特性的研究也越来越深入。该文重点研究了光学粒径谱仪在气溶胶粒度分布在线测量上的应用。通过对比3款典型粒径谱仪的测量原理、测量范围、测量精度等特征,选用光学粒径谱仪系列(OPS)是比较适合在线测量自然环境下大气气溶胶粒度分布的。通过一系列对大气气溶胶中典型的固体和液体气溶胶的在线测量实验,发现更换HEPA过滤器对在线测量的结果有影响,而不同采样时长和不同通道区间不会影响OPS对大气气溶胶的在线测量。     

环胶州湾河流入海口CDOM吸收光谱特征

为深入认识河流对胶州湾水体有机碳的贡献,于2016年4月-2017年2月对环胶州湾河流入海口进行双月采样,通过分析水体中DOC（溶解有机碳）和POC（颗粒有机碳）质量浓度及CDOM（有色溶解有机物）的吸收光谱特征,揭示环胶州湾入海口有机碳的分布特征,辨析CDOM的组成和来源,探讨其与主要环境因素的关系.结果表明:①环胶州湾河流入海口DOC和POC质量浓度范围分别为0.98~32.75和0.13~22.40 mg/L,其中李村河口最高,轮渡和大港相对较小.②a（355）（CDOM的吸收系数）变化范围为0.23~16.35 m-1,存在明显的季节性差异,与盐度成反比,其分布与DOC和POC基本一致.③研究区域水体中,表征CDOM分子组成、来源及芳香化程度的S_R[光谱斜率比,S_g（275~295 nm）/S_g（350~400 nm）]和A_{250 nm}/A_{365 nm}存在显著的时空差异.④夏季、秋季CDOM的整体分子量水平高于春季、冬季;轮渡、大港、板桥坊河和娄山河S_R相对较高,CDOM组成趋向于蛋白类或富里酸类物质.⑤轮渡、大港和镰湾河A_{250 nm}/A_{365 nm}相对较高,类腐殖质的芳香化程度较低,受海源控制;其他河口A_{250 nm}/A_{365 nm}相对较低,CDOM以陆源输入为主,其类腐殖质的芳香化程度较高,结构相对稳定而不易降解.⑥CCA（Canonical Correspond Analysis,典范对应分析）结果表明,DOC与CDOM吸收特性存在较好的相关性,河口CDOM主要来自地表径流,温度和DO是影响CDOM时空分布的主要因素.研究显示,CDOM的组成、降解的难易程度与来源密切相关,秋季生物量丰富,水体中腐殖酸所占比例增大,CDOM芳香度较高,不容易被降解.      

Sorption of tylosin and sulfamethazine on solid humic acid

Tylosin(TYL) and sulfamethazine(SMT) are ionizable and polar antimicrobial compounds,which have seeped into the environment in substantial amounts via fertilizing land with manure or sewage. Sorption of TYL and SMT onto humic acid(HA) may affect their environmental fate. In this study, the sorption of TYL and SMT on HA at different conditions(pH, ionic strength) was investigated. All sorption isotherms fitted well to the Henry and Freundlich models and they were highly nonlinear with values of n between 0.5 and 0.8, which suggested that the HA had high heterogeneity. The sorption of TYL and SMT on HA decreased with increasing p H(2.0–7.5), implying that the primary sorption mechanism could be due to cation exchange interactions between TYL~+/SMT~+ species and the functional groups of HA.Increasing ionic strength resulted in a considerable reduction in the K_d values of TYL and SMT,hinting that interactions between H bonds and π–π EDA might be an important factor in the sorption of TYL and SMT on HA. Results of Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and ~13C-nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analysis further demonstrated that carboxyl groups and O-alkyl structures in the HA could interact with TYL and SMT via ionic interactions and H bonds,respectively. Overall, this work gives new insights into the mechanisms of sorption of TYL and SMT on HA and hence aids us in assessing the environmental risk of TYL and SMT under diverse conditions.     

施用生物质炭对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征影响

为研究玉米秸秆生物质炭施用后土壤腐殖质组成和土壤胡敏酸结构的变化,选择腐殖质组成修改法和国际腐殖质协会推荐的方法进行土壤腐殖质组分提取和HA样品纯化,采用重铬酸钾外加热法和TOC分析仪测定土壤、水溶性物质(WSS)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)有机碳含量,采用元素组成和红外光谱分析HA的结构变化.研究结果表明:施入玉米秸秆生物质炭后,表层和亚表层土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量均有不同程度的提高,表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量增加幅度较大,分别增加了83.61%、112.50%、89.63%、91.78%和89.82%,说明玉米秸秆生物质炭的施用更有助于表层土壤有机碳的积累;PQ值(HA在腐殖酸中的比例)略有增加;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性增强,氧化度降低.此外,施用玉米秸秆生物质炭后,土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而降低,与表层相比,亚表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量分别下降了62.84%、52.94%、62.38%、66.62%和61.61%;土壤PQ值略有降低;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性降低,氧化度增加.     

施用生物质炭对黑土黑碳含量和结构特征的影响

生物质炭(Biochar,Bc)是黑碳(Black Carbon,BC)的一种,当前关于生物质炭在农业上的研究大都集中在其对土壤理化性质和作物生长的影响,而关于施用生物质炭对土壤黑碳结构和数量影响的研究很少.为了解施用生物质炭对土壤黑碳的影响,本试验采用盆栽试验的方法,设置4个处理,施加生物质炭量分别为0(CK)、6、12和24 t·hm-2,采用Wolbach-Anders法对土壤中的黑碳进行提取,运用元素分析、红外光谱和热重分析等方法研究了不同施入量的生物质炭对土壤黑碳产生的影响.实验结果表明:施用玉米秸秆生物质炭能明显增加土壤中黑碳的含量,随着生物质炭施用量的增加,不同处理相对于对照(CK)中土壤黑碳含量分别提升7.04%、22.96%和46.90%.施用玉米秸秆生物质炭降低了黑碳的脂族性、氧化性,提升了黑碳的缩合度、芳化度,提高了黑碳结构的稳定性,提高了土壤黑碳的热稳定性.施用玉米秸秆生物质炭能够提高p H,提高土壤的速效养分含量.     

Effects of changing climate on water and nitrogen availability with implications on the productivity of Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland

An integrated process-based model was used to study how the changing climate affects the availability of water and nitrogen, and consequently the dynamics of productivity of Norway spruce (Picea abies) on sites with different initial soil water conditions in southern Finland over a 100-year period. The sensitivity of the total stem volume growth in relation to short-term availability of water and nitrogen was also analyzed. We found that a high proportion (about 88–92%) of the total precipitation was lost in total evapotranspiration (incl. canopy evaporation (E_c), transpiration (E_t) and ground surface evaporation (E_g)), under both current and changing climate. Furthermore, under the changing climate the cumulative amount of E_c and E_g were significantly higher, while E_t was largely lower than under the current climate. Additionally, the elevated temperature and increased expansion of needle area index (L) enhanced E_c. Under the changing climate, the increasing soil water deficit (W_d) reduced the canopy stomatal conductance (g_cs), the E_t, humus yield (H, available nitrogen source) and nitrogen uptake (N_up) of the trees. During the latter phases of the simulation period, the canopy net photosynthesis (P_nc) was lower due to the reduced N_up and soil water availability. This also reduced the total stem volume production (V_s) on the site with the lower initial soil moisture content. The growth was slightly more sensitive to the change in precipitation than to the change in nitrogen content of the needles, when the elevated temperature was assumed. According to our findings, drought stress episodes may become more frequent under the changing climate. Thus, adaptive management strategies should be developed to sustain the productivity of Norway spruce in these conditions, and thus, to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change.     

湖北省县域人口迁入与工业集聚的空间关联性研究

基于2000年和2010年湖北省102个县级行政区的规模以上工业总产值和县际迁入人口数据，采用空间自相关分析方法，探讨工业经济和迁入人口的空间格局及变化，以及两者之间的空间关联性；采用面板数据拟合联立方程模型，实证检验人口迁入与工业集聚之间的互动机制。结果表明：湖北省迁入人口和规模以上工业的县际分布之间存在显著的空间正向关联性，武汉市及其邻近县区一直是迁入人口和工业经济的高高集聚区，鄂西地域则是低低集聚区。人口迁入与工业集聚之间存在相互决定的互动关系，地区工业集聚度提高1%，其全部迁入人口和省内迁入人口分别增加 0.544 9% 和 0.602 3%；全部迁入人口或省内迁入人口增加1%，其工业集聚度则分别提高 0.294 0% 和 0.267 8%。社会经济发展水平相对落后的中西部省区应通过推进人口和非农产业协同集聚，培育地区经济增长极，促进地区经济增长和区域协调发展。 关键词： 人口迁入；工业集聚；空间关联性；互动关系；湖北省     

Environmental friendly leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries

We investigated an environmentally friendly leaching process for the recovery of cobalt and lithium from the cathode active materials of spent lithium-ion batteries. The easily degradable organic acid DL-malic acid (C₄H₅O₆) was used as a leaching reagent. The structural, morphology of the cathode materials before and after leaching were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The amount of Co and Li present in the leachate was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Conditions for achieving a recovery of more than 90 wt.% Co and nearly 100 wt.% Li were determined experimentally by varying the concentrations of leachant, time and temperature of the reaction as well as the initial solid-to-liquid ratio. We found that hydrogen peroxide in a DL-malic acid solution is an effective reducing agent because it enhances the leaching efficiency. Leaching with 1.5 M DL-malic acid, 2.0 vol.% hydrogen peroxide and a S:L of 20 g L^?1 in a batch extractor results in a highly efficient recovery of the metals within 40 min at 90 °C.