Evaluation of the MIKE SHE Model for Application in the Loess Plateau,China1

Abstract: Quantifying the hydrologic responses to land use/land cover change and climate variability is essential for integrated sustainable watershed management in water limited regions such as the Loess Plateau in Northwestern China where an adaptive watershed management approach is being implemented. Traditional empirical modeling approach to quantifying the accumulated hydrologic effects of watershed management is limited due to its complex nature of soil and water conservation practices (e.g., biological, structural, and agricultural measures) in the region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the distributed hydrologic model, MIKE SHE to simulate basin runoff. Streamflow data measured from an overland flow‐dominant watershed (12 km²) in northwestern China were used for model evaluation. Model calibration and validation suggested that the model could capture the dominant runoff process of the small watershed. We found that the physically based model required calibration at appropriate scales and estimated model parameters were influenced by both temporal and spatial scales of input data. We concluded that the model was useful for understanding the rainfall‐runoff mechanisms. However, more measured data with higher temporal resolution are needed to further test the model for regional applications.     

水蚯蚓微生物共生系统处理城镇污水工程规模试验研究

在生物接触氧化池中接种霍甫水丝蚓形成水蚯蚓与微生物的共生系统,水蚯蚓附着在填料的外层.当水蚯蚓湿重质量浓度为31.3 g/L左右时,系统中形成"污染物-微生物-水蚯蚓"循环食物链并基本达到平衡.长时间处理水量为20·000 m~3·d~(-1)的现场大规模对比工程试验研究表明,水蚯蚓可全面提高出水水质.当进水COD为130～459 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N为14.21～27.46 mg·L~(-1),TP 为1.60～6.93 mg·L~(-1),SS为60～466 mg·L~(-1)时,可使COD去除率提高8.7%,SS去除率提高13.6%.水蚯蚓会使系统的氨氮有所增加,适当的运行方式可使氨氮出水稳定在5mg·L~(-1)以下.水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统具有很好的除磷效果,有很强的抗冲击负荷能力及较大的处理潜能.     

SO2诱导的萱草保卫细胞凋亡及其信号调节

SO2是一种常见的大气污染物,急性和慢性暴露都会对植物造成伤害.因此,本文以景观绿化植物萱草叶片下表皮为材料,研究了SO2对气孔保卫细胞的致死效应及其可能的信号调节途径.结果表明,利用SO2体内衍生物-亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液处理萱草表皮3 h后,随着处理浓度(1.0~5.0 mmol·L-1)的增加,萱草保卫细胞生理活性下降,甚至死亡;浓度超过2.0 mmol·L-1时,细胞死亡率显著增高(p0.05),死细胞出现核固缩、核拉长、核碎片等典型凋亡特征,保卫细胞内的活性氧种(ROS)、一氧化氮(NO)和Ca2+水平显著升高.采用不同浓度的抗氧化剂过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA),Ca2+螯合剂乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)和Ca2+通道抑制剂氯化镧(LaCl3)及NO清除剂羧基-2苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3氧化物(C-PTIO)和合成抑制剂叠氮钠(NaN3)处理后,均可使SO2衍生物诱发的细胞死亡率降低,以200 U·mL-1CAT、0.05 mmol·L-1的AsA、EGTA、LaCl3及0.20 mmol·L-1的C-PTIO、NaN3的效果最佳,同时胞内ROS、NO和Ca2+水平下降.以上结果表明,一定浓度的SO2可诱导萱草保卫细胞死亡,可能通过诱导ROS和NO爆发,激活细胞质膜钙通道,进而引起胞内Ca2+增加,通过ROS-NO-Ca2+信号途径介导细胞死亡.SO2诱导的萱草细胞死亡可能存在细胞凋亡过程.     

松嫩高平原黑土区耕地利用系统安全影响因子作用机理研究——以黑龙江省巴彦县为例

耕地利用系统安全是保护耕地健康和保障粮食安全的基础。论文以巴彦县为例,采用遗传算法对神经网络模型进行改进,识别耕地利用系统安全的敏感性影响因子,并应用通径分析法,确定单一因子和复合因子对系统安全作用机理。结果表明：①单一因子的作用中土壤类型对耕地利用系统安全的作用强度最大,高程最弱。不同因子对耕地利用系统安全的正负相关关系不同,对系统安全分别起促进和抑制作用;耕地利用系统的其他影响因子对系统安全的共同作用也很大,是不可忽视的重要因子;②各因子存在复杂的制约关系,单一因子和复合因子共同作用是系统安全主要的作用机理,且单一因子和复合因子对系统安全影响的显性特征不同;自然生态因子对系统安全的单一作用、人文因子对系统安全的复合作用机制显著。     

Reaction mechanism and kinetics of Criegee intermediate and hydroperoxymethyl formate

The reaction mechanism and kinetics of the simplest Criegee intermediate CH₂OO reaction with hydroperoxymethyl formate (HPMF) was investigated at high-level quantum chemistry calculations. HPMF has two reactive functional groups, -C(O)OH and -OOH. The calculated results of thermodynamic data and rate constants indicated that the insertion reactions of CH₂OO with –OOH group of HPMF were more favorable than the reactions of CH₂OO with -C(O)OH group. The calculated overall rate constant was 2.33 × 10^?13 cm³/(molecule?sec) at 298 K and the rate constants decreased as the temperature increased from 200 to 480 K. In addition, we also proved the polymerization reaction mechanism between CH₂OO and -OOH of HPMF. This theoretical study interpreted the previous experimental results, and supplied the structures of the intermediate products that couldn't be detected during the experiment.     

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engine retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction and continuously regenerating trap

Two after treatment units, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and continuously regenerating trap (CRT), were independently retrofitted to a diesel engine, with the objective to investigate their impact on the conversion/reduction (CR) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The experiments were conducted under the European steady state cycle (ESC) first without any retrofits to get baseline emissions, and then with SCR and CRT respectively, on the same engine. The particulate matter (PM)-phase PAHs were trapped in fiberglass filters, whereas gas-phase PAHs were collected in cartridges, and then analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Both PM-phase and gas-phase PAHs were greatly reduced with CRT showing respective CR of 90.7% and above 80%, whereas only gas-phase PAHs were abated in the case of SCR, with CR of above 75%. Lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were in abundance, while naphthalene exhibited a maximum relative contribution (RC) to LMW-PAHs for all three cases. Further, the CR of naphthalene and anthracene were increased with increasing catalyst temperature of SCR, most likely due to their conversion to solid particles. Moreover, the Benzo[a]Pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) of PAHs was greatly reduced with CRT, owing to substantial reduction of total PAHs.     

六磊塘2005～2012年水质变化趋势分析

采用综合污染指数法,评价了六磊塘2005～2012年间在丰水期、平水期、枯水期和全年的水质达标情况,计算了主要污染物的污染负荷,得到了水质的时间变化特征。结果表明,2005—2012年,六磊塘水质呈现改善趋势,水质整体呈现轻到中度污染;枯水期水质污染最重,丰水期和平水期水质污染相对较轻;各主要污染物中,氨氮的污染负荷最大,五日生化需氧量和高锰酸盐指数的污染负荷最小。研究结果为六磊塘的地表水质监测和污染防治等工作提供了重要依据。     

Haze insights and mitigation in China: An overview

The present article provides an overview of the chemical and physical features of haze in China, focusing on the relationship between haze and atmospheric fine particles, and the formation mechanism of haze. It also summarizes several of control technologies and strategies to mitigate the occurrence of haze. The development of instruments and the analysis of measurements of ambient particles and precursor concentrations have provided important information about haze formation. Indeed, the use of new instruments has greatly facilitated current haze research in China. Examples of insightful results include the relationship between fine particles and haze, the chemical compositions and sources of particles, the impacts of the aging process on haze formation, and the application of technologies that control the formation of haze. Based on these results, two relevant issues need to be addressed： understanding the relationship between haze and fine particles and understanding how to control PM2.5.     

6种消解方法对荧光测定生物体内聚苯乙烯微塑料的影响

微塑料污染已经成为全球性的环境问题,引起了人们的广泛关注,为了评估微塑料的生物效应,对生物体内微塑料进行准确定量成为了亟待解决的问题.在已有的微塑料研究中,利用荧光强度进行生物体内微塑料定量是较为常用的方法,而对生物样品进行消解则是重要的前处理方法.然而,消解可能会对微塑料产生破坏,影响微塑料的荧光强度,导致微塑料浓度的测定值与真实值存在巨大偏差.目前关于消解对微塑料荧光强度影响的研究比较匮乏,而荧光强度直接影响微塑料定量结果的准确性.因此本文研究了文献中常用的6种消解剂,分别为KOH、NaOH、H_2O_2、HNO_3、HNO_3∶HCl和HNO_3∶HClO_4,探究了不同消解方法对微塑料荧光强度和表面形态的影响,并选出最合适的微塑料消解方法.结果表明在6种不同消解方法中,KOH消解法(100 g·L~(-1),60℃)对微塑料的荧光强度影响最小,且对微塑料的表面形态没有明显影响.而另外5种消解法都不同程度地降低了微塑料的荧光强度,并造成了微塑料表面损伤,主要包括团聚、气泡、轻划痕以及深凹陷等.此外,利用KOH消解法对生物样品中的微塑料进行提取效率评估,回收率高达96.3%±0.5%,表明KOH消解法是一种合适的生物样品中荧光微塑料的提取方法.