中国大豆进口关税调整对全球水土资源转移的影响评估

中美贸易争端背景下,评估中国大豆贸易对全球水和耕地资源的影响,对粮食安全和环境可持续意义重大。基于GTAP（Global Trade Analysis Project）模型,以中国及其主要大豆供应国（美国、巴西、阿根廷、乌拉圭、加拿大）为研究区,模拟中国对美国大豆加征关税前后的情景,评估相应情景下中国大豆进口对全球水和耕地资源的影响。结果表明：在加征关税前后情景下,中国大豆进口总量保持稳定,进口量中供应国之间占比变化较大,特别是加征关税后美国占比明显减少;虚拟耕地进口总量保持稳定,虚拟水进口总量减少;在全球尺度上,从巴西进口大豆水资源利用率最高、从美国进口大豆耕地资源利用率最高。取消除美国外其他四国关税可同时减少全球水和耕地资源的消耗。     

水培空心菜营养液配方及尾液对环境的影响

本研究以空心菜为例,清水为对照,研究了6种常用经典水培营养液配方、猪粪和鸡粪2种沼液对空心菜生长发育的影响和尾液对环境的影响,通过测定空心菜的经济、品质指标及营养液尾液中养分含量指标,筛选出适合于叶菜类生长和保护生态环境最优配方。结果表明:6种营养液对空心菜的鲜重、Vc含量、硝酸盐含量均有显著影响,其中荷兰温室、霍格兰和日本山崎配方为较适合空心菜水培的配方;6种营养液配方和2种沼液剩余尾液中TN、TP、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、S、B、Mo等元素符合GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅴ类农田用水标准。据此推断,供试6个营养液配方中,荷兰温室配方是水培空心菜的优选营养液配方,其次为霍格兰和日本山崎配方。     

太原市汾河景区浮游藻类细胞密度对氮磷的影响

为了研究太原汾河景区的水质状况并为其水质保护和水华暴发预警及防治提供依据,2012年6月至10月,对该区域8个采样点的浮游藻类细胞密度、氨氮、总氮和总磷及它们之间的关系进行了调查分析。结果表明,多数样点总氮超标,总磷相对稳定,均不超标,氮磷比变化较明显,多数采样点以7月份的细胞密度较高,下游端较上游端浮游藻类生长旺盛,污染情况也较为严重。多数采样点浮游藻类细胞密度与总氮和氮磷比呈负相关,与总磷呈正相关。     

高温耐磨粘结铜除铜工艺研究

目的获得经济且环境友好型化学溶解高温耐磨粘结铜的工艺。方法采用正交实验获得化学溶解除铜的最佳工艺参数,利用电化学手段测试铜及炮管基体在两种溶液体系最优配方中的E-t曲线和极化曲线,通过连续失重法分析铜在腐蚀溶液中的腐蚀溶解规律,并观察溶解后的表面形貌。结果化学溶解除铜工艺最优配方分别为过氧化氢-柠檬酸(H2O2(质量分数为0.8%)+C6H8O7(质量浓度为6 g/L)+温度θ为30℃+pH值为10)、溴酸钾-柠檬酸(KBrO3(质量浓度为30 g/L)+C6H8O7(质量浓度为30 g/L)+温度为30℃+pH值为10)。腐蚀溶解初始阶段,铜基体表面氧化膜逐渐溶解破坏,腐蚀电位变负,溶解速率加快,随后铜基体裸露,进入稳定溶解过程,反应速率逐渐趋于稳定。在溴酸钾-柠檬酸体系中铜的自腐蚀电流密度比过氧化氢-柠檬酸体系中高2个数量极,表现出更强的阳极活化能力和腐蚀溶解速度。结论铜在两种溶液体系中表现出快速稳定的溶解速度,炮管基体的腐蚀速率比铜小2~3个数量级,具有良好的耐蚀能力。     

Temperature dependence of the heterogeneous uptake of acrylic acid on Arizona test dust

In this study, the temperature dependence of the heterogeneous uptake of acrylic acid on Arizona test dust(ATD) has been investigated within a temperature range of 255–315 K using a Knudsen cell reactor. Combined with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) experiment, it was found that acrylic acid could adsorb on ATD via surface OH groups and convert to carboxylate on the particle surface. The kinetics study suggests that the initial true uptake coefficient(γt) of acrylic acid on ATD decreases from(4.02 ± 0.12) × 10~(-5) to(1.73 ± 0.05) × 10~/(-5)with a temperature increase from 255 to315 K. According to the temperature dependence of uptake coefficients, the enthalpy(ΔH obs)and entropy(ΔS obs) of uptake processes were determined to be-(9.60 ± 0.38) KJ/mol and-(121.55 ± 1.33) J·K/mol, respectively. The activation energy for desorption(E des) was calculated to be(14.57 ± 0.60) KJ/mol. These results indicated that the heterogeneous uptake of acrylic acid on ATD surface was sensitive to temperature. The heterogeneous uptake on ATD could affect the concentration of acrylic acid in the atmosphere, especially at low temperature.     

Novel Al-doped carbon nanotubes with adsorption and coagulation promotion for organic pollutant removal

Al-doped carbon nanotubes (Al-doped CNTs) were prepared as a multifunctional integrated material of adsorbent and coagulant aid for organic pollutant removal from aqueous solution. It was observed that aluminum species were dispersed homogeneously on the surface of CNTs, and mainly anchored onto defect structures of the CNTs. The introduction of aluminium efficiently improved adsorption ability for methyl orange (MO) onto the CNTs, and maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model can reach 69.7 mg/g. The MO adsorption kinetics can be better described by the pseudo-second-order and pore diffusion kinetic models, and the diffusion of MO anions into pores of the Al-doped CNT adsorbent should be the rate-determining step. Thermodynamic analyses indicated that the adsorption of MO onto Al-CNTs-2.0 was endothermic and spontaneous. Moreover, adsorption capacity for MO on the Al-doped CNTs was evidently dependent on the CNT dose, solution pH and adsorbent dose. From the perspective of low-cost and multifunctional, suspension obtained during the Al-doped CNT adsorbent preparation, was tested as coagulant to remove humic acid (HA). A significant observation is that the suspension exhibited an excellent coagulation performance for HA, because abundant aluminous polymer and Al-doped CNTs existed in the suspension.     

不同雨强下黄棕壤坡耕地径流养分输出机制研究

为揭示三峡库区坡耕地在不同雨强下氮、磷养分随地表径流和壤中流的输出规律,在香溪河流域选择具有代表性的黄棕壤坡耕地进行原位人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明,在降雨总量一定的情况下,随雨强的增大,地表径流量、径流总量、泥沙侵蚀量均呈明显的增加趋势,而壤中流流量减少.不同雨强下地表径流中TN、DN、DP均存在明显的初期径流冲刷效应,TP在整个降雨过程中波动较大,呈微弱降低的变化趋势;壤中流中TN、DN、DP随降雨持续输出浓度无明显变化,TP在径流初期出现浓度峰值,之后减少并趋于稳定.雨强对磷素的影响更直接,雨强越大,磷素径流浓度也越大,氮、磷养分的平均浓度均远超出水体富营养化阈值.随雨强的增大,TN径流流失量减小,TP流失量增大,TN随地表径流流失贡献率随雨强的增大由36.5%增加至57.6%,磷素以地表径流为主,贡献率达90.0%以上,因此,控氮关键是减少壤中流的产生,控磷则需防止土壤侵蚀.随雨强的减小,地表径流中以溶解态流失的氮素比例升高,壤中流中均以溶解态为主,磷素的流失在不同雨强和径流形式下均以颗粒态为主.     

Adsorption–desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China

Adsorption and desorption are important processes that affect atrazine transport,transformation,and bioavailability in soils.In this study,the adsorption–desorption characteristics of atrazine in three soils(laterite,paddy soil and alluvial soil) were evaluated using the batch equilibrium method.The results showed that the kinetics of atrazine in soils was completed in two steps:a"fast" adsorption and a "slow" adsorption and could be well described by pseudo-second-order model.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium isotherms were nonlinear and were well fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models.It was found that the adsorption data on laterite,and paddy soil were better fitted by the Freundlich model;as for alluvial soil,the Langmuir model described it better.The maximum atrazine sorption capacities ranked as follows:paddy soil alluvial soil laterite.Results of thermodynamic calculations indicated that atrazine adsorption on three tested soils was spontaneous and endothermic.The desorption data showed that negative hysteresis occurred.Furthermore,lower solution pH value was conducive to the adsorption of atrazine in soils.The atrazine adsorption in these three tested soils was controlled by physical adsorption,including partition and surface adsorption.At lower equilibrium concentration,the atrazine adsorption process in soils was dominated by surface adsorption;while with the increase of equilibrium concentration,partition was predominant.     

Short-term effects of real-time individual fine particulate matter exposure on lung function: a panel study in Zhuhai,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is still the primary air pollutant in most Chinese cities and its adverse effects on lung function have been widely...     

Probabilistic health risk assessment for residents exposed to potentially toxic elements near typical mining areas in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Public health problems caused by toxic elements in mining areas have always been an important topic worldwide. However, existing studies have focused...