Canopy assessment of biochemical features by ground-based hyperspectral data for an invasive species, giant reed (Arundo donax)

This study explored the potential use of hyperspectral data in the non-destructive assessment of chlorophyll, carbon, and nitrogen content of giant reed at the canopy level. We found that pseudoabsorption and derivatives of original hyperspectral data were able to describe the relationship between spectral data and measured biochemical characteristics. Based on correlogram analyses of ground-based hyperspectral data, we found that derivatives of pseudoabsorption were the best predictors of chlorophyll, carbon, and nitrogen content of giant reed canopies. Within the visible region, spectral data significantly correlated with chlorophyll content at both 461 nm and 693 nm wavelengths. Within the near-infrared region, carbon levels correlated with hyperspectral data at five causal wavelengths: 1038 nm, 1945 nm, 1132 nm, 1525 nm, and 1704 nm. The best spectral wavelength for estimating nitrogen content was 1542 nm. Such relationships between nutrient content and spectral data were best represented by exponential functions in most situations.     

催化超临界水氧化偏二甲肼动力学研究

采用CuO/γ-Al2O3和MnO2/γ-Al2O3为催化剂、H2O2为氧化剂,在一连续流固定床反应器中进行了催化超临界水氧化偏二甲肼实验,得到了COD去除宏观动力学方程.在24 MPa、400～450℃和H2O2过量的情况下,反应对COD分别为1.11级(CuO)和1.26级(MnO2),对氧气分别为0.10级(CuO)和0.12级(MnO2).反应的活化能分别为35.75 kJ/mol(CuO)和37.79 kJ/mol(MnO2),前置因子A分别为9.35×102(CuO)和3.45 ×103(MnO2).     

红外测温技术监测硫精矿堆自热状态的研究

矿仓中硫精矿自燃会引起一系列环境和安全问题.采用红外测温仪器,在实验室测定硫精矿堆的自热温度,分别在不同环境条件和测量方式下对硫精矿粉的表面温度进行测量,找出实验过程中影响红外测温仪精确度的外界环境条件、使用方法及人为因素.结果表明,环境条件中的温度、湿度对红外测温仪的测温效果有较大的影响,一般应选择在低温低湿的环境下进行测量; 同时,在测量过程中应尽量保持光束与测点垂直; 另外,红外测温仪的测量距离不宜超过1 m.将红外测温仪测得的硫精矿堆表面温度作为计算硫精矿堆内部温度分布的初始条件,应用数值分析软件可以模拟出硫精矿堆的自热温度场,以便及时预报硫精矿堆的自燃.     

主扇扩散器出口速度分布的数值模拟与实验研究

借助重整化群双参数湍流模型,建立扩散器内风流流动的控制方程组。基于工程实际,给定模拟边界条件进行数值模拟,并分析扩散器的出口速度分布。根据大量的数值模拟算例,获得节能型扩散器的最优断面扩大系数,找出扩散器出口速度分布与扩散器动能回收之间的关系。通过对节能型扩散器的多工况模型实验,对扩散器出口速度分布进行研讨。借助数值模拟实验与模型验证实验,揭示了扩散器结构形式与扩散器出口动压能损失分布之间的关系。     

Electrochemical analysis of trifluralin using a nanostructuring electrode with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The electroanalytical behaviors of the endocrine-disrupting chemical trifluralin have been studied at a nanostructuring electrode. The nanostructuring electrode was fabricated by coating a uniform multi-wall carbon nanotubes/dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate (MWNTs/DHP) film on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The reduction peak currents of trifluralin increased remarkably and the reduction peak potential shifted positively at the nanostructuring electrode, compared with that at a bare GCE. The results showed that this nanostructuring electrode exhibited excellent enhancement effects on the electrochemical reduction of trifluralin. Consequently, a simple and sensitive electroanalytical method was developed for the determination of trifluralin. Under optimal conditions, a linear response of trifluralin was obtained in the range from 5.0 × 10⁻⁹ to 6.0 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ (r = 0.998) and with a limit of detect (LOD) of 2.0 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to determine trifluralin in soil samples with satisfactory results.     

Long‐Term Streamflow Response to Climatic Variability in the Loess Plateau,China1

Abstract: The Loess Plateau region in northwestern China has experienced severe water resource shortages due to the combined impacts of climate and land use changes and water resource exploitation during the past decades. This study was designed to examine the impacts of climatic variability on streamflow characteristics of a 12‐km² watershed near Tianshui City, Gansu Province in northwestern China. Statistic analytical methods including Kendall’s trend test and stepwise regression were used to detect trends in relationship between observed streamflow and climatic variables. Sensitivity analysis based on an evapotranspiration model was used to detect quantitative hydrologic sensitivity to climatic variability. We found that precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and streamflow (Q) were not statistically significantly different (p > 0.05) over the study period between 1982 and 2003. Stepwise regression and sensitivity analysis all indicated that P was more influential than PET in affecting annual streamflow, but the similar relationship existed at the monthly scale. The sensitivity of streamflow response to variations of P and PET increased slightly with the increase in watershed dryness (PET/P) as well as the increase in runoff ratio (Q/P). This study concluded that future changes in climate, precipitation in particular, will significantly impact water resources in the Loess Plateau region an area that is already experiencing a decreasing trend in water yield.     

Effects of Forest Composition and Spatial Patterns on Storm Flows of a Small Watershed1

Abstract: The PRMS_Storm model was built as a storm event, distributed hydrological model for studying the hydrological effects of forest composition and spatial distribution on storm‐flow volume and peakflow rates in the Xiangshuixi Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, in the Yangtze River Basin in southwestern China. We developed three simulation scenarios based on forest composition and their spatial arrangements across the watershed, including all mixed conifer‐evergreen broadleaf forests (Scenario 1), all mixed evergreen broadleaf forests (Scenario 2), and mixed conifer + evergreen broadleaf + shrub forests (Scenario 3). We examined 11 storm events observed during 2002‐2005. Compared with the existing forest covers, modeling results suggested that the amount of overland flow was reduced by 21, 23, and 22%, and the interflow increased by 16, 88, and 30%, for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively. During the same time, peakflow rates were reduced by 20.8, 9.6, and 18.9%, respectively. The reduction of peakflow rates was most significant when rainfall intensity exceeded 0.8 mm/min and events with a short duration and effect was minor when rainfall intensity was below 0.5 mm/min. In general, we found that Scenarios 1 and 3 were preferred for reducing storm‐flow volume and peakflow rates due to their higher interception rates, large soil water holding capacity, and higher soil infiltration capacity. The modeled results suggested soil properties are important in affecting the flow processes and thus forest composition and forest spatial distributions will affect storm‐flow volume and peakflow rates at the watershed scale. To maximize flood reduction functions of a watershed, high priority should be given to those forest types (Scenarios 1 and 3) in reforestation practices in the study region. This study suggests both forest composition and spatial pattern are important reforestation designs for flood reduction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.     

钛修饰电极的制备及电化学性能比较

通过电沉积法在钛网(Ti)上负载钯、钯镍双金属及聚吡咯(PPy)双金属,对比研究不同修饰对电极电化学催化活性的影响。循环伏安测试(CV)表明,在最佳制备条件下,Pd/Ti电极在-500 mV(以Hg/Hg₂SO₄为参比电极)左右获得氢吸附峰值为-59.47 mA;引入Ni制备双金属修饰电极(PdNi/Ti电极)获得氢吸附峰值为-64.40 mA,双金属修饰电极表现出较好的电催化性能;吡咯修饰后制得的Pd-Ni/PPy/Ti电极获得的氢吸附峰值最大,峰值为-80.14 mA,电催化性能更优。扫描电镜(SEM)分析了Ni和PPy的引入对电极表面形态的改变。利用原子发射光谱(AES)分析了电极表面Pd、Ni金属的负载量。实验表明,Ni与PPy的引入使Pd-Ni/PPy/Ti电极在大大减少钯负载量的情况下,仍具有很好的电催化性能,电化学脱氯潜能也很大。     

Binary competitive adsorption of naphthalene compounds onto an aminated hypercrosslinked macroporous polymeric adsorbent

An aminated hypercrosslinked macroporous polymeric adsorbent was synthesized and characterized.Adsorption isotherms for 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid(1, 2, 4-acid) and 2-naphthol obtained from various binary adsorption environments can be well fitted by Freundlich equation, which indicated a favorable adsorption process in the studied range. Adsorption for !, 2, 4-acid was an endothermic process in comparison with that for 2-naphthol of an exothermic process. 2-naphthol molecules put a little influence on the adsorption capacity for 1, 2, 4-acid. However, the adsorption to 1, 2, 4-acid depressed that to 2-naphthol in a large extent for the stronger electrostatic interaction between 1, 2, 4-acid and adsorbent. The predominant mechanism can be contributed to the competition for adsorption sites. And the simultaneous environment was confirmed to be helpful to the selective adsorption towards 1,2,4-acid based on the larqer selectivity index.     

不同生物炭用量对酸性菜地土硝化作用的影响

采集了种植过蕹菜(60 d)的不同生物炭用量(0、2%、5%、10%干土重)的盆栽酸性菜地土,在60%土壤持水量和温度25℃培养条件下对土壤硝化作用进行了研究,并探讨了土壤硝化作用与土壤性质的关系.结果表明,通过Logistic修正模型(延滞期为0)拟合得出土壤NO-3-N随时间的变化为"S"型增长,与不施氮肥(CK)和施氮肥(NB0)处理相比,生物炭处理土壤NO-3-N累积量较高,生物炭提高土壤最大硝化速率(Kmax)同时减少达到最大硝化速率所需时间(t0)是其主要原因.Kmax与土壤pH、氨氧化细菌数量、NO-3-N、微生物生物量碳、氮,t0与微生物生物量氮、氨氧化细菌数量,最大硝化潜势(Np)与脲酶活性间显著相关.尽管生物炭提高Kmax,但却降低Np,生物炭对酸性菜地土硝化作用的影响以及NO-3-N淋失风险还需要进一步研究.