钻井液生物毒性评价方法对比

对目前国内外钻井液生物毒性评价的主要方法──糠虾法、黑褐新糠虾法、发光细菌法、发光海藻法等进行了对比,分析了各种评价方法的优缺点。研究结果表明,发光细菌法快速、简便,符合我国钻井现场应用实际情况,因而推荐使用发光细菌法作为钻井液生物毒性评价方法。     

Performance of the annular denuder system with different arrangements for HNO3 and HNO2 measurements in Taiwan

Experiments on different annular denuder system (ADS) arrangements for sampling nitrous acid (HNO2) and nitric acid (HNO3) gases were conducted in this study to evaluate their sampling artifacts. The evaluation basis is the one that employed one sodium chloride denuder for sampling HNO3 gas and two sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) denuders for sampling HNO2 gas, which is a commonly employed ADS arrangement in many field applications in the United States. A field study was conducted in Hsinchu, Taiwan, and the results indicated that this ADS arrangement may yield over 80% relative errors for HNO3 gas. It also showed that the relative errors for HNO2 gas can be less than 10% as sampled with only one Na2CO3 denuder. This is attributed to the fact that the ambient HNO3 concentration measured in this study was relatively low while the HNO2 concentration was high, as compared to typical concentrations of these two gases measured in the United States. The sampling error of HNO3 gas may be due to high concentrations of N-containing interfering species present in Taiwan's atmosphere. Because the relative sampling errors of HNO3 and HNO2 gases depend mainly on their concentrations in the atmosphere as well as concentrations caused by interfering species, the risk for high error while measuring low HNO2 concentrations by only one Na2CO3 denuder is also possible. As a result, it is suggested that pretests are necessary to evaluate possible sources and degrees of sampling errors before field sampling of HNO2 and HNO3 gases. The sampling errors of these two gases can, therefore, be minimized with a better arrangement of the ADS.     

基于CBERS-02卫星数据的地震滑坡识别——以青川县为例

以5.12地震后四川省青川县为研究区域,以该区域CBERS-02 CCD数据及DEM数据为基础数据,结合国内外滑坡遥感识别数据处理方法,通过九个特征指标(CBERS-02 CCD五个波段、亮度、绿度、湿度及坡度)组合对青川县进行滑坡识别。首先经过镶嵌裁剪得到研究区影像图,用1、2、3波段合成真彩色图像,对该区域遥感影像滤波增强处理,减少图像斑点,改善图像质量,同时应用穗帽变换生成研究区的亮度、绿度、湿度指标;然后结合地震滑坡分布的地质地貌、构造岩性、形状纹理特点,对九个特征指标进行最大似然法监督分类;最后利用青川县的现场调查资料,对该滑坡识别结果进行了验证,同时结合滑坡发生的机理对滑坡分布进行了分析。研究区域的滑坡分布具有以下特点:1)分布范围广泛,且河谷两岸较多;2)地震产生的滑坡大多发生在坡度40°～50°、海拔700～1 100 m的山坡上。研究结果表明,利用中巴卫星进行滑坡识别的分类精度为76.4676%,Kappa系数为0.7130,抽取初步识别的96个滑坡进行野外校验,正确率为89%。证明中巴卫星适应于山区地震滑坡的识别。     

哈尔滨市生态环境质量现状及动态研究

文章以2004年和2006年哈尔滨市卫星遥感解译数据为基础,结合各类地面调查统计数据,按照中国环境监测总站《生态环境质量评价技术规定》所给出的评价指标体系,对哈尔滨市生态环境质量现状及动态进行研究和评价。从整体看来,两年间,哈尔滨市的各类土地利用结构变化非常微小,参与评价生态环境质量状况的各项指数,除水网密度指数外,也均无明显变化,哈尔滨市生态环境状况变化不大,总体上微幅好转。     

关于大小兴安岭生态功能区建设必须解决的主要问题

大小兴安岭生态功能区在我国生态功能区中占有极为重要的战略地位。要建设好生态功能区,就要尊重自然规律,把经济社会发展置于生态环境条件约束之下,这是地方政府、社会和国家共同的责任。应尽快地停止商业性采伐,逐步恢复天然生态系统的功能。抓紧实行政企分开,奠定生态功能区建设的制度性基础。深化林权制度改革,推动由林业经济向林区经济的转变,实现生态、经济、社会的和谐发展。应考虑建立国家级大小兴安岭生态功能特区,统筹解决跨省区生态功能区保护与建设的问题。     

工艺安全管理的重要组成——事故调查

介绍了OSHA对事故调查基本要素的规定、事故调查程序和事故调查方法,另外,通过事故归因理论及事故原因的分析,旨在采用科学调查分析方法深入剖析事故原因,制定和落实事故预防和控制措施,吸取事故教训。实现生产企业的本质安全。     

实施HAZOP分析控制重大工艺安全事故(Ⅰ)

介绍了危险与可操作性分析（Hazard and Operability,HAZOP）技术的国内外应用现状。结合我国重大工艺安全事故案例,阐述了在我国实施HAZOP的必要性。     

应用灰色系统理论预测拉林河总磷浓度变化趋势

本文利用灰色系统理论,根据以前监测数据,通过建立GM(1,1)模型和模型群,预测出拉林河水体中总磷浓度及其变化趋势.     

屠宰企业环境影响评价技术要点探讨

通过调查北京市南郊某大型宰猪厂企业基本情况、生产工艺,现场监测该厂废水、噪声、固体废弃物等污染物排放现状,详细分析了屠宰厂主要环境问题和污染物排放种类、特性,最终确定项目符合性分析和水环境影响预测为屠宰企业的环境影响评价要点。     

Micro-analysis of nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs using microelectrodes

To investigate the nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs, micro-profiles of O₂, NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, and pH were measured under different operating conditions. The flocs were obtained from a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor. Nitrification, as observed from interfacial ammonium and nitrate fluxes, was higher at pH 8.5, than at pH 6.5 and 7.5. At pH 8.5, heterotrophic bacteria used less oxygen than nitrifying bacteria, whereas at lower pH heterotrophic activity dominated. When the ratio of C to N was decreased from 20 to 10, the ammonium uptake increased. When dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the bulk liquid was decreased from 4 to 2 mg·L⁻¹, nitrification decreased, and only 25% of the DO influx into the flocs was used for nitrification. This study indicated that nitrifying bacteria became more competitive at a higher DO concentration, a higher pH value (approximately 8.5) and a lower C/N.