Vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds conducted by tethered balloon in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols can cause adverse effects on the environment and human health. However, knowledge of the VOC vertical profile in the lower troposphere of major Chinese cities is poorly understood. In this study, tethered balloon flights were conducted over the juncture of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in China during the winter of 2016. Thirty-six vertical air samples were collected on selected heavy and light pollution days at altitudes of 50-1000 meters above ground level. On average, the concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) at 50-100 m was 4.9 times higher than at 900-1000 m (46.9 ppbV vs. 8.0 ppbV). TVOC concentrations changed rapidly from altitudes of 50-100 to 401-500 m, with an average decrease of 72%. With further altitude increase, the TVOC concentration gradually decreased. The xylene/benzene ratios of 34/36 air samples were lower than 1.1, and the benzene/toluene ratios of 34/36 samples were higher than 0.4, indicating the occurrence of aged air mass during the sampling period. Alkenes contributed most in terms of both OH loss rate (39%-71%) and ozone formation potential (40%-72%), followed by aromatics (6%-38%). Finally, the main factors affecting the vertical distributions of VOCs were local source emission and negative dispersion conditions on polluted days. These data could advance our scientific understanding of VOC vertical distribution.     

Fluorescence regional integration and differential fluorescence spectroscopy for analysis of structural characteristics and proton binding properties of fulvic acid sub-fractions

Structural characteristics and proton binding properties of sub-fractions (FA3–FA13) of fulvic acid (FA), eluted stepwise by pyrophosphate buffer were examined by use of fluorescence titration combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) and differential fluorescence spectroscopy (DFS). Humic-like (H-L) and fulvic-like (F-L) materials, which accounted for more than 80% of fluorescence response, were dominant in five sub-fractions of FA. Based on FRI analysis, except the response of F-L materials in FA9 and FA13, maximum changes in percent fluorescence response were less than 10% as pH was increased from 2.5 to 11.5. Contents of carboxylic and phenolic groups were compared for fluorescence peaks of FA sub-fractions based on pH-dependent fluorescence derived from DFS. Static quenching was the dominant mechanism for binding of protons by FA sub-fractions. Dissociation constants (pKa) were calculated by use of results of DFS and the modified Stern-Volmer relationship. The pKa of H-L, F-L, tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like materials of FA sub-fractions exhibited ranges of 3.17–4.06, 3.12–3.97, 4.14–4.45 and 4.25–4.76, respectively, for acidic pHs. At basic pHs, values of pKa for corresponding materials were in ranges of 9.71–10.24, 9.62–10.99, 9.67–10.31 and 9.33–10.28, respectively. At acidic pH, protein-like (P-L) materials had greater affinities for protons than did either H-L or F-L materials. The di-carboxylic and phenolic groups were likely predominant sites of protonation for both H-L and F-L materials at both acidic and basic pHs. Amino acid groups were significant factors during proton binding to protein-like materials of FA sub-fractions at basic pH.     

Gravimetric analysis for PM2.5 mass concentration based on year-round monitoring at an urban site in Beijing

Daily PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of below 2.5 μm) mass concentrations were measured by gravimetric analysis in Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences(CRAES), in the northern part of the Beijing urban area, from December 2013 to April 2015. Two pairs of Teflon(T1/T2) and Quartz(Q1/Q2) samples were obtained, for a total number of 1352 valid filters. Results showed elevated pollution in Beijing,with an annual mean PM_(2.5)mass concentration of 102 μg/m~3. According to the calculated PM_(2.5)mass concentration, 50% of our sampling days were acceptable(PM_(2.5) 75 μg/m~3), 30% had slight/medium pollution(75–150 μg/m~3), and 7% had severe pollution( 250 μg/m~3). Sampling interruption occurred frequently for the Teflon filter group(75%) in severe pollution periods,resulting in important data being missing. Further analysis showed that high PM_(2.5)combined with high relative humidity(RH) gave rise to the interruptions. The seasonal variation of PM_(2.5)was presented, with higher monthly average mass concentrations in winter(peak value in February, 422 μg/m~3), and lower in summer(7 μg/m~3 in June). From May to August, the typical summer period, least severe pollution events were observed, with high precipitation levels accelerating the process of wet deposition to remove PM_(2.5). The case of February presented the most serious pollution, with monthly averaged PM_(2.5)of 181 μg/m~3 and 32% of days with severe pollution. The abundance of PM_(2.5)in winter could be related to increased coal consumption for heating needs.     

全国死亡百人以上事故统计分析

本文统计了1990～2005年我国死亡百人以上的事故。此类事故共计25起，总死亡人数4340人。此外，进一步分析了这些事故的类型、所属行业和发生时间等，找出了事故发生的规律。最后，对死亡百人以上事故的预防提出了对策建议。     

1951-2008年东北地区水分盈亏量时空格局

基于1951-2008年东北地区106个气象站点的实测数据,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散量,并将气候水分盈亏量表示为同期降水量与潜在蒸散量之差。最后,通过Kendall秩次相关趋势分析、Morlet小波函数、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法探讨了东北地区水分盈亏量的时空变化特征。结果表明:①1951-2008年,东北地区多年平均水分盈亏量在-850~650 mm之间变化,呈自东向西、自北向南、自东北向西南逐渐减少的空间变化趋势;②东北地区106个气象站点中有97个站点的水分盈亏量呈下降趋势,其中28个站点的下降趋势能通过P<0.05的显著性检验;③全区平均、海拉尔、长春、宽甸年际波动明显,多年平均值依次为-283.60、-427.25、-362.58、334.91 mm,四者的水分盈亏量年内分配不均匀,最小值出现在5月,最大值出现在7-8月;④水分盈亏量存在周期结构性,偏高期、偏低期交替出现,全区平均、海拉尔、长春、宽甸的第一主周期依次为26、28、25、9 a,水分盈亏量还具有突变特征,全区平均在1999年发生了一次减少突变,长春在1958、1998年各发生了一次减少突变。     

包头市空气污染与气象因素相关性研究

本文以包头市市区2007年和2008年的空气环境质量逐时监测数据和相应的地面逐时气象数据为基础,结合MM5中尺度气象模型拟合的高空气象数据,采用Pearson相关分析法,对空气环境中主要污染物二氧化硫、可吸入颗粒物的浓度与风速、近地面气温、降水、气压、相对湿度等气象因素的相关性进行了分析,探讨了逆温、静风等主要气象条件对空气环境中污染物浓度变化的影响,为改善城市空气环境质量提供技术支撑。     

包头市能源消费结构与能效分析

结合2001年~2007年统计数据,从能源消费量、能源种类、重点行业企业能源消费、能源消费结构等方面分析了包头市能源消费现状,并就单位GDP能耗、单位工业增加值能耗等能效指标,与同期全国部分省市及全区各盟市指标进行了对比分析,为包头市优化能源结构、改善环境质量、走新型工业化道路提供参考。     

关于鄂尔多斯市东胜区环境噪声功能区的划分及思考

城市区域声环境噪声功能区的划分,是城市各类噪声监测和环境管理的重要依据,也是评价一个城市声环境质量的重要依据。以城市规划为指导,按区域规划用地的主导功能确定,本文对鄂尔多斯市建城区功能区划分过程中所涉及的一些问题及功能区划分后对今后管理所起的作用等问题进行了探讨。     

云南边疆环境问题初探

云南边疆风景秀丽,资源富饶,但由于各种因素,云南边疆的环境受到了严重破坏。本文通过列举事实,对云南边疆环境破坏的现状与程度进行了详细阐述,并结合实例直言不讳地分析了边疆环境破坏的原因,尝试性地提出了保护云南边疆环境,实现边疆经济可持续发展的可行性建议。     

修饰作用对面包酵母细胞形貌及其吸附Cu2+性能的影响比较

分别采用无水乙醇、氢氧化钠修饰面包酵母,并将修饰前后的菌样用于含 Cu2 废水的吸附研究.通过扫描电镜、Zeta 电位仪和红外光谱仪对吸附前后菌样进行了检测分析.结果显示,化学修饰作用使菌细胞不同程度地发生形变,使其个体减小、表面粗糙且细胞粘连,以及 Zeta电位改变,同时菌样的红外光谱吸收峰强度、波数也发生变化甚至有新特征吸收谱线产生.这表明,修饰作用不仅改变了酵母细胞的外形结构、表面电荷,而且提高了菌表面有机官能团的数量及吸附活性,其中 NaOH 修饰作用还使菌细胞中羰基更加暴露.在吸附Cu2 的过程中,菌样表面羧基、羰基、羟基、氨基、酰胺基、磷酰基等官能团发挥了重要作用.