如何推行企业安全文化控制员工的不安全行为

目前,大家普遍认为安全生产事故的发生主要有两方面的原因：一方面是人的不安全行为;另一方面是物的不安全状态。统计表明,由于人的不安全行为导致的伤亡事故占伤亡事故总数的70％-90％。因此,如何控制人的不安全行为,已经成为企业安全管理的关键所在。     

High nitrite accumulation and strengthening denitrification for old-age landfill leachate treatment using an autocontrol two-stage hybrid process

An autocontrol two-stage hybrid process was developed to treat landfill leachate. Biological nitrogen removal with nitrification and denitrification via nitrite pathway was split into two stages. The first stage was designed for the high nitrite accumulation and was composed of two hybrid bed reactors (Hybrid I and Hybrid II) and a coagulation–flocculation reactor having effective volumes of 120 L and 80 L, respectively. The second stage was designed for strengthening denitrification and included a single 80 L reactor. The carriers of the hybrid bed reactors were composed of fixed multiple flexible carriers and suspended particle carriers. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH value, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and temperature were used as online fuzzy control parameters of the automatic control system. The concentration of nitrite in Hybrid I and Hybrid II could reach 411 mg L⁻¹ and 604 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Ammonia removal has reached maximal rates of 0.061 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹ and 0.041 kgNH₄⁺-N (m³ h)⁻¹, respectively. A maximum nitrite removal rate of 0.211 kgNO₂⁻-N (m³ h)⁻¹ was observed during the strengthening denitrification. The running time of one cycle was not fixed and was actually controlled by the system. The results indicated that the running period was more closely related to influent ammonia concentration than influent COD concentration. The aeration times could be shortened and the energy could be saved. The autocontrol two-stage hybrid process is therefore an economical and effective way for landfill leachate treatment.     

石油焦化冷焦废水封闭分离与利用技术

提出了一种多级降温冷凝-梯级污染物分离-组分机械纯化的集成石油焦化冷焦废水封闭分离与利用技术。将其应用于1Mt／a冷焦废水处理系统,运行结果表明,废水循环再生率、污油循环使用率、石油焦粉回收使用率、挥发性有机物回收利用率均达100％。与国内外同类技术相比,该技术具有冷焦废水处理效果好、投资小、经济和社会效益显著等优点,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

高效铁系除臭剂净化制药污泥带滤间恶臭的工程应用研究

在实验室条件下考察了自制高效铁系除臭剂的吸附性能,确定出了最佳工艺条件。将该除臭剂应用于制药厂污水处理污泥带滤间的恶臭气体净化,设计了废气处理量为11 000 m³/h的吸附净化系统。工程实际运行效果良好,H₂S去除率可达97％以上。结果表明：该除臭剂对于处理含硫恶臭气体具有良好的实际应用价值,工业应用前景广阔。     

重金属污染物在下包气带饱水条件下迁移转化的研究

不同的重金属污染物进入饱水的下包气带土层之后,由于其形态和价态变化差异较大,在土壤中的迁移、转化特征有明显差别,其迁移顺序为Cr_2O_7~(2-)>AsO_2~->>Hg~(2+)>Cd~(2+)>Pb~(2+).不同土质对重金属污染物迁移的影响为:在砂土中迁移最快,亚砂土中次之,亚粘土中最慢.     

滇池底泥堆场次生植被富集污染物调查

对滇池周边3个底泥堆场次生演替恢复过程中主要植物的生态学特征和污染物富集情况进行了调查。结果表明：随着底泥堆场由表流湿地向潜流湿地过渡,植被的整体含水量逐渐减少,种群密度逐渐增加;3个底泥堆场优势种的生物量随着植被恢复时间的增长而逐步减少;植物优势种富集某种重金属的能力与生物量的相关性系数（Zn〈Cu〈Pb〈As〈Cr〈Cd〈Hg）随富集能力的提高而降低,其中Hg的富集与生物量有较高的相关性;水生植物富集污染物的能力高于陆生植物;水生植物富集污染物能力最强的是凤眼蓝,其次是长柱柳叶菜和水烛;陆生植物富集污染物能力最强的是稗、云南莎草和水蓼。     

有机物对重金属在粘土中吸附行为的影响

实验选用填埋场垃圾降解过程中“产酸阶段”和“产甲烷阶段”产生的己酸和腐殖酸及重金属 Cd、Pb、Ni、Zn和 Mn为研究对象 ,研究有机物存在对粘土吸附重金属的影响 .结果表明 :粘土对纯重金属的吸附随着溶液 p H值升高而增强 ;对己酸的吸附随着溶液 p H值升高而增强 ,对腐殖酸的吸附随着溶液 p H值升高而减弱 .当溶液中己酸和重金属共存时 ,由于竞争吸附使得粘土对重金属的吸附能力普遍有较小幅度的下降 ;当溶液中存在腐殖酸和重金属共存时 ,粘土对重金属的吸附能力增强 ,主要是由于酸性条件下富里酸发生解离后与重金属络合 ,其络合物与粘土颗粒有一定的结合能力 ,增强了粘土对重金属的吸附能力 .     

Recovery of Cu(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution by induced crystallization in a long-term operation

The feasibility of copper recovery by induced crystallization in a long period(174 days) was investigated in a seeded fluidized bed reactor(FBR). The process was divided into 3 periods according to different influent conditions, and the period III was separated into III-a and IIIb due to the adjustment of the molar ratio of CO_3~(2-)concentration to copper concentration([CT]/[Cu~(2+)]). The removal efficiency could exceed 95% and the average effluent copper concentration decreased to 3.0 mg/L. The mean particle size of seed grains with copper crystals coating on, raised to 0.36 mm from initial 0.18 mm. During period III-a, the supersaturation exceeded 2.88 × 104, the removal efficiency decreased to 60%–80% and the particle size dropped to 0.30 mm, due to the generation of fines by homogeneous crystallization and seeds breaking. And the morphology of the crystals on the seed grains changed from rod-like to spherical which lead to the particle size decreasing. In period III-b,the supersaturation was modified by adjusting the molar ratio of [CT]/[Cu2+] to 1.2 from 2.The efficiency was back to 95% and the mean particle size grew to 0.36 mm at the end of IIIb, the crystals coating on the seeds turned back to rod-like products of good stability. This study illustrated that the copper salt crystal could keep on growing on the seed grains for over 150 days, the feasibility and controllability of copper recovery by induced crystallization process in FBR were satisfactory, even under the dramatic changes in influent conditions.     

New insights on the enhanced non-hydroxyl radical contribution under copper promoted TiO2/GO for the photodegradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

TiO₂/graphene oxide (GO) as photocatalyst in the photo-degradation of multitudinous pollutants has been extensively studied. But its low photocatalytic efficiency is attributed to the high band gap energy which lead to low light utilization. Cu-TiO₂/GO was synthesized via the impregnation methods to enhance the catalytic performance. The Cu-TiO₂/GO reaction rate constant for photo-degradation of pollutants (tetracycline hydrochloride, TC) was about 1.4 times that of TiO₂/GO. In 90 min, the removal ratio of Cu-TiO₂/GO for TC was 98%, and the maximum degradation ratio occurred at pH 5. After five cycles, the removal ratio of Cu-TiO₂/GO still exceeded 98%. UV–visible adsorption spectra of Cu-TiO₂/GO showed that its band gap was narrower than TiO₂/GO. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra test illustrated the generation rate of ?O₂^? and ?OH was higher in Cu-TiO₂/GO system than TiO₂/GO and TiO₂ system. The contribution sequence of oxidative species was ?O₂^? > holes (h⁺) > ?OH in both TiO₂/GO and Cu-TiO₂/GO system. Interestingly, the contribution of ?OH in Cu-TiO₂/GO was less than that in TiO₂/GO during the photo-degradation process. This phenomenon was attributed to the better adsorption performance of Cu-TiO₂/GO which could reduce the accessibility of TC to ?OH in liquid. The enhanced non?hydroxyl radical contribution could be attributed to that the more other active species or sites on (nearby) the surface of Cu-TiO₂/GO generated after doping Cu. These results provide a new perspective for the tradition metal-doped conventional catalysts to enhance the removal of organic pollutants in the environment.     

主体功能区建设与财政生态补偿研究——以安徽省为例

党的十六届五中全会明确提出了“优化开发、重点开发、限制开发、禁止开发”四类主体功能区。主体功能区划是中国国土空间区划与规划理论中的一个重大突破,实行主体功能区生态补偿政策,对于实现不同类型主体功能区的健康协调发展,具有重要的意义。从传统的生态补偿理论来探讨主体功能区建设的生态补偿模式,要充分发挥市场补偿机制的功能,同步落实主体功能区财政、产业、土地、人口管理、绩效评价和政绩考核政策,从法律上明确生态补偿责任和各生态主体的义务,为生态补偿机制的规范化运作提供法律依据。