水洗对焚烧飞灰中氯及重金属元素的脱除研究

为了研究水洗对飞灰中氯和重金属元素的脱除影响因素,确定水洗最佳参数并分析水洗的脱除机理,对飞灰的水洗过程进行了系统的研究。结果显示:当液固比为8、水洗时间10 min、水洗温度50℃、水洗1次时,氯的去除率达93.71%以上;水洗脱氯的过程包括溶解和脱附两部分,当液固比20 mL/g时,以脱附为主;同时飞灰中的重金属在水洗过程中也有不同程度的脱除,其中Pb的脱除率和在水洗液中的浓度较大。     

东北多年冻土区植被NDVI变化及其对气候变化和土地覆被变化的响应

利用1982~2006年的NOAA AVHRR-GIMMS和MODIS 2种数据集的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据对东北多年冻土区植被NDVI年际动态和空间差异进行分析,并结合气象数据和土地利用/覆被数据分析了植被NDVI对气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化的响应.研究表明,东北多年冻土区植被NDVI值较高,且空间差异明显;森林为该区主要植被类型,NDVI值较高,主要分布于大小兴安岭和伊春地区;草地集中分布于西南部, NDVI值相对较低.东北多年冻土区过去25a间植被生长的变化趋势为:伴随着气温的显著升高和降水量减少,植被NDVI显著下降.较气温而言,降水量是影响植被NDVI的主要因子(r = 0.77, P < 0.01).在气候变化和人类活动的双重作用下,东北多年冻土区植被NDVI在1982~2006年间表现为4个阶段:1982~1990年,植被NDVI虽有小幅波动,但整体上呈持续增加的趋势;1990~1993年,植被NDVI呈迅速下降趋势; 1993~1997年,植被NDVI呈现回升态势,表现出缓慢上升的趋势;1998~2006年,植被NDVI呈现总体下降趋势.不同植被类型表现出不同的NDVI年际变化规律,尤以草地NDVI值波动最大.植被NDVI变化空间异质性显著.气候变化和多年冻土退化影响了东北多年冻土区植被NDVI动态.年均气温升高和年降水量降低影响了植被的生长.从像元尺度来看,研究区植被NDVI与气温和降水均具有较显著的相关性.研究区土地利用/覆被变化的分析结果表明,不同的土地利用类型间的转变对植被NDVI的大小和空间分布产生了重要影响.     

Micro-analysis of nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs using microelectrodes

To investigate the nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs, micro-profiles of O₂, NH₄⁺, NO₂^–, NO₃^–, and pH were measured under different operating conditions. The flocs were obtained from a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor. Nitrification, as observed from interfacial ammonium and nitrate fluxes, was higher at pH 8.5, than at pH 6.5 and 7.5. At pH 8.5, heterotrophic bacteria used less oxygen than nitrifying bacteria, whereas at lower pH heterotrophic activity dominated. When the ratio of C to N was decreased from 20 to 10, the ammonium uptake increased. When dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the bulk liquid was decreased from 4 to 2 mg·L^-1, nitrification decreased, and only 25% of the DO influx into the flocs was used for nitrification. This study indicated that nitrifying bacteria became more competitive at a higher DO concentration, a higher pH value (approximately 8.5) and a lower C/N.     

广西漓江洪涝灾害及防御对策研究

利用GIS信息系统和降水实况资料,对发生在广西漓江的洪涝情况进行分析。通过对洪涝灾害进行实地调查,利用灾害风险评估技术,对漓江洪涝灾害进行风险区划,对洪涝灾害的防御措施进行探讨。漓江上游是广西的暴雨中心,汛期暴雨常造成漓江洪涝灾害,特别是5-6月份,每年基本上都有2~3次大面积的洪灾;沿江两岸都是洪涝灾害的高风险区;漓江洪水具有来得快,消得也快的特点;造成漓江致洪暴雨的天气形势主要是华南静止锋;加强上游降水量的监测和预报,加强上游水库蓄水错峰的调控能力,完善低洼地段防洪堤坝建设,可以有效地防御洪涝灾害。     

厌氧-两级SBR法处理高浓度洋蓟废水的研究

采用厌氧两级SBR工艺处理洋蓟罐头生产排放的高浓度有机废水,确定了厌氧、SBR工艺的最佳运行参数。结果表明,通过该工艺处理后,COD的总去除率达到98%以上,出水COD为78mg/L,达到国家排放标准。     

层次分析法与向量模法在水环境承载力评价中的应用——以胶州市为例

从社会经济、资源利用、与环境管理等角度分析了胶州市水环境承载力的主要影响因素,综合构建了胶州市水环境承载力评价指标体系。采用层次分析法和向量模法对胶州市2007~2011年水环境承载力进行了评价。结果表明,胶州市水环境承载力评价值范围为0.061~0.080,胶州市水环境承载力水平较低,总体上呈先下降后上升的趋势,其中,水资源短缺为制约胶州市水环境承载力的主要因素。     

Simulated photo-degradation of dissolved organic matter in lakes revealed by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix with regional integration and parallel factor analysis

Simulated photo-degradation of fluorescent dissolved organic matter(FDOM) in Lake Baihua(BH) and Lake Hongfeng(HF) was investigated with three-dimensional excitationemission matrix(3 DEEM) fluorescence combined with the fluorescence regional integration(FRI),parallel factor(PARAFAC) analysis,and multi-order kinetic models.In the FRI analysis,fulvic-like and humic-like materials were the main constituents for both BH-FDOM and HF-FDOM.Four individual components were identified by use of PARAFAC analysis as humic-like components(C1),fulvic-like components(C2),protein-like components(C3) and unidentified components(C4).The maximum 3 DEEM fluorescence intensity of PARAFAC components C1-C3 decreased by about 60%,70% and 90%,respectively after photo-degradation.The multi-order kinetic model was acceptable to represent the photo-degradation of FDOM with correlation coefficient(R_(adj)~2)(0.963-0.998).The photo-degradation rate constants(k_n) showed differences of three orders of magnitude,from 1.09 x 10~(-6) to 4.02 x 10~(-4) min-1,and half-life of multi-order model(T_(1/2)~n)ranged from 5.26 to 64.01 min.The decreased values of fluorescence index(FI) and biogenic index(BI),the fact that of percent fluorescence response parameter of Region I(P_(Ⅰ,n)) showed the greatest change ratio,followed by percent fluorescence response parameter of Region II(P_(Ⅱ,n),while the largest decrease ratio was found for C3 components,and the lowest T_(1/2)~n was observed for C3,indicated preferential degradation of protein-like materials/components derived from biological sources during photodegradation.This research on the degradation of FDOM by 3 DEEM/FRI-PARAFAC would be beneficial to understanding the photo-degradation of FD OM in natural environments and accurately predicting the environmental behaviors of contaminants in the presence of FDOM.     

大气臭氧总量的一个统计计算方法

根据大气臭氧和太阳紫外辐射的观测资料，利用相关分析，得到了计算臭氧总量的一个统计计算方法，并计算了１９９１年北京地区晴天和实际天然条件下臭氧总量的月平均值，计算结果表明，计算值与观测值吻合得比较好，计算值与观测值相对偏差的平均值小于２．５％，大气中的光化学反应是影响臭氧总量的主要因子。     

川南四座城市PM2.5化学组分污染特征及其源解析

为探究川南地区大气气溶胶中化学组分与来源特征,于2015年9月—2016年8月在四川盆地南部4个典型代表城市(泸州、内江、宜宾、自贡)采集了226个PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5的质量浓度和主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)进行测定,并利用颗粒物源解析受体模型对PM_2.5来源进行解析.结果表明:川南地区PM_2.5日均浓度为46.4—68.0μg·m^-3,均高于国家环境空气质量标准年均PM_2.5限值(35.0μg·m^-3).OC、EC和水溶性二次离子(SO₄^2-、NO₃-和NH₄+)分别占PM_2.5质量的15.7%—22.8%、4.2%—6.4%和28.6%—55.8%.PM_2.5及其主要化学组分浓度有显著的季节变化,即冬季浓度显著高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低.泸州除夏季外,其他季节SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好;其他城市在冬季,SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好.NH₄+主要存在形式为NH₄NO₃、(NH₄)2SO₄、NH₄HSO₄.OC、EC来源复杂,主要为机动车源、煤燃烧源和生物质燃烧源.川南地区PM_2.5的来源主要受8种因子影响,按总体贡献排序依次为:二次硫酸盐、生物质燃烧、工业源、二次硝酸盐、机动车源、煤燃烧、道路尘埃和建筑尘埃.此外,相比较而言,机动车源贡献在泸州市较凸显,煤燃烧源贡献在宜宾市较凸显.     

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China

Surface sediment (0-15 cm) samples were collected from 31 different grid points throughout the Yilong Lake in April 2004. Samples were subjected to a total digestion technique and analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in order to study spatial distribution characteristics based on Kriging method and assess their ecological risks posed by these heavy metals. Results showed that the mean concentrations of these heavy metals were lower than potential effect levels. Patches of higher heavy metal concentrations occurred in the inflow area of the Cheng River and northeast area nearby the road and railway. The higher concentrations of As and Cr also appeared in the east area (lake outlet), while the patches of lower concentrations were uniformly distributed at the southwest corner between Luosewan and Xiaoguoxi. The heavy metal loads such as As, Cd and Pb might come from the common sources due to industrial sewage and traffic pollution, while higher concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Zn in these sediments were dominated by parent rocks. However, Cu originated from both sources. Sediments with respect to As, Cd and Cu were grouped below the effect range low (ERL) at all sites, and with respect to Cr and Pb were grouped into the range from ERL to the effect range median (ERM) at more than 50% of sampling sites. The mean heavy metal toxic units in the Yilong Lake decreased following the order Pb > Cr > As > Ni > Zn > Cd > Cu, with higher contributions to the sum of toxic units of Pb, Cr and As.