基于斑马鱼全生命周期毒性测试的研究进展

作为一种模式生物,斑马鱼具有很多优点,包括体积小、成本低、适应性广、繁殖周期短、胚胎透明且产卵量高等,因而被广泛应用于生态毒理学等领域。斑马鱼的生命阶段主要包括胚胎、仔鱼和成鱼3个阶段。近年来,斑马鱼全生命周期的毒理学研究所占比重不断上升并呈稳定增长的趋势。本文对斑马鱼3个生命阶段及整个生命周期的毒性试验展开综述,介绍了斑马鱼全生命周期实验在毒理学中的研究进展,总结了各生命阶段国内外的标准规范和资源库信息、毒理学终点及转基因斑马鱼的研究进展,归纳了多阶段毒性评价和整个生命周期毒性评价的应用。最后,对全生命周期和基于斑马鱼毒性测试的应用做出展望,对未来开展的相关研究提出建议。     

Biosorption of uranium by chemically modified Rhodotorula glutinis

The present paper reports the biosorption of uranium onto chemically modified yeast cells, Rhodotorula glutinis, in order to study the role played by various functional groups in the cell wall. Esterification of the carboxyl groups and methylation of the amino groups present in the cells were carried out by methanol and formaldehyde treatment, respectively. The uranium sorption capacity increased 31% for the methanol-treated biomass and 11% for the formaldehyde-treated biomass at an initial uranium concentration of 140 mg/L. The enhancement of uranium sorption capacity was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, with amino and carboxyl groups were determined to be the important functional groups involved in uranium binding. The biosorption isotherms of uranium onto the raw and chemically modified biomass were also investigated with varying uranium concentrations. Langmuir and Freundlich models were well able to explain the sorption equilibrium data with satisfactory correlation coefficients higher than 0.9.     

Sandy desertification change and its driving forces in western Jilin Province, North China

This paper investigates the sandy desertification change between 1986 and 2000 in the western Jilin province, North China. Land use and land cover data were obtained from Landsat TM data by using a supervised classification approach. We summarized the total area of desertified land by each county, as well as the area for each of the four categories of desertified land. The changes of different types of land use and land cover between 1986 and 2000 were calculated and analyzed. Taking Tongyu and Qianan as examples, both human and natural driving forces of the sandy desertification were analyzed. Our analyses indicate that the material sources and windy, warm and dry climate are the immanent causes of potential land desertification, while the irrational human activities, such as deforestation, reclaiming and grazing in the grassland, are the external causes of potential land desertification. However, rational human activities, such as planting trees and restoring grassland can reverse the land desertification process. Furthermore, the countermeasures and suggestions for the sustainable development in ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in North China are put forward.     

Heavy metal contents and magnetic susceptibility of soils along an urban–rural gradient in rapidly growing city of eastern China

The accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) and magnetic minerals in soils along an urban-rural gradient in the rapidly growing Hangzhou City, Eastern China, was measured. The analytical results indicated that heavy metal concentrations, magnetic susceptibility (chilf) and saturation isothermal remnant magnetization (SIRM) in soils decreased with increasing distance from the urban center. The significant relationships existed between heavy metal concentrations, chilf and SIRM and distance from the urban center. The soils in the urban areas were enriched with Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Elevated concentrations of heavy metals (especially Cd and Zn) in urban areas indicated the evidence for the accumulation of heavy metal contaminants from anthropogenic activities. Enhanced heavy metal concentrations and magnetic susceptibility were located in the uppermost soil horizons (0-10 cm), decreasing downwards to background values. The significant positive correlations between the Tomlinson Pollution Load Index (PLI) and magnetic susceptibility and SIRM were observed in polluted soil samples. Strong positive correlation indicated that magnetic screening/monitoring provided a fast and non-destructive tool, which can be effectively used as a proxy to detect environmental pollution in rapidly growing urbanization regions affected by anthropogenic activities.     

造纸污水处理厌氧系统沼气综合利用

目前厌氧系统已广泛应用于造纸废水处理,厌氧处理系统过程中产生大量的沼气,而沼气的热值很高,很有利用的价值,而本文结合笔者曾编制的某造纸废水处理厌氧技术改造环评探讨造纸污水处理厌氧系统沼气综合利用技术。该项目的实施,既减少了造纸废水的出水浓度,又提高了节能环保效益。     

4种蔬菜对土壤Mn转运累积特征及食用安全性研究

为探究土壤中锰(Mn)污染对蔬菜食用安全性的影响,以上海市常见的4种蔬菜(青椒,CA;黄瓜,CS;豇豆,VU;菠菜,SO)为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培试验方法研究了不同土壤Mn含量梯度下的蔬菜生物量变化以及各部位Mn转运累积特征,并基于各蔬菜食用安全分析了土壤中Mn的安全阈值。研究结果表明,Mn对4种蔬菜的生长均表现出低含量促进、高含量抑制现象,SO和VU对Mn的耐受度强于CA和CS。Mn主要富集在SO的茎叶,以及CA、CS和VU的茎叶和根部,可食部分中Mn含量大小排序为SO>VU>CS>CA。SO可食部分Mn含量与土壤Mn含量呈显著对数相关(P<0.01),其他3种蔬菜的可食部分Mn含量与土壤Mn含量均呈显著指数相关(P<0.01)。依据新鲜蔬菜中Mn食用安全限量值,推导出各蔬菜对应的土壤Mn安全阈值预测区间为:SO 992.5～1 097.3 mg·kg~(-1),VU 2 607.5～2 910.0 mg·kg~(-1),CS 3 147.5～3 494.6 mg·kg~(-1),CA3 618.0～3 921.5 mg·kg~(-1)。Mn污染土壤的安全利用应优先选择种植CA、CS和VU等低累积品种。     

酸析与超声波-超重力-臭氧氧化法联合预处理二硝基甲苯废水

将二硝基甲苯废水(简称废水)酸析后进行超声波-超重力-臭氧氧化处理,考察了酸的种类及废水pH对酸析效果的影响.实验结果表明:加入质量分数98％的H2SO4溶液调节废水pH为1.0时,酸析效果较好,酸析后废水COD去除率为38.50％,硝基化合物的去除率为45.26％,酸析析出物为一硝基甲苯磺酸;酸析后废水经超声波-超重...     

Dynamics of oxytetracycline and resistance genes in soil under long-term intensive compost fertilization in Northern China

In the present study, we explored the dynamics of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and oxytetracycline), tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs), and bacterial communities over 2013–2015 in soils fertilized conventionally or with two levels (82.5 and 165 t/ha) of compost for 12 years. In the soil receiving 165 t/ha of compost, only oxytetracycline was 46% higher than that in the conventionally fertilized soil. Transient enrichment of both tetM (20% to 9-fold) and tetK (25% to 67-fold) was observed in multiple instances immediately after the application of compost. The majority of genera which positively correlated with tetM or tetK were affiliated to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The structural equation model analysis indicated that fertilization regimes directly affected the bacterial composition and antibiotics and had an indirect effect on the abundance of tetK and tetM via these antibiotics. In summary, this study shed light into the complex interactions between fertilization, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance pollution in greenhouse soil.