降雨促渗对地表径流污染物负荷影响模拟试验研究

建立模拟降雨装置，研究降雨条件下功能性材料与聚合物对降水土壤渗透性与地表径流污染负荷的影响。研究证实，沸石与PAM不仅能够促进降雨土壤水的人渗、延缓并减少地表径流．而且使土壤渗液和地表径流水质TSS、TN、TP、COD污染物负荷降低。以3kg／hm^2PAM、3kgPAM与7．5t／hm^2沸石、6kg／hm^2 PAM3种方式处理，径流COD负荷为对照的39．12％-69．76％、26．14％-46．63％和20．60％-28.09％；TN、TP与TSS负荷较对照分别减少44．36％-96．47％、66．63％-98．99％、93．71％-99．62％和50．46％～98．40％、83．30％～99．3l％、94．91％～99．72％和31．06％～77．23％、46．82％，86．22％、83．54％-95.33％。聚合物与功能性材料改良土壤是一种削减地袁降雨径流非点源污染的有效手段。     

畜粪污染处理与利用研究

国内外对于粪便固体物的处理主要采用焚烧法、干燥法和堆肥法等，在粪便污水处理方面主要采用厌氧消化法，它将治污、产气和综合利用相结合，使废物资源化，达到环境效益、经济效益和社会效益相统一。     

The levels, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds in a typical urban area of Northeast China

Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continually measured at a monitoring site in Shenyang from 20 August to 16 September 2017. The average concentrations of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and carbonyls were 28.54, 6.30, 5.59 and 9.78 ppbv, respectively. Seven sources were identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization model based on the measurement data of VOCs and CO. Vehicle exhaust contributed the most (36.15%) to the total propene-equivalent concentration of the measured VOCs, followed by combustion emission (16.92%), vegetation emission and secondary formation (14.33%), solvent usage (10.59%), petrochemical industry emission (9.89%), petrol evaporation (6.28%), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage (5.84%). Vehicle exhaust, solvent usage and combustion emission were found to be the top three VOC sources for O₃ formation potential, accounting for 34.52%, 16.55% and 11.94%, respectively. The diurnal variation of the total VOCs from each source could be well explained by their emission characteristics, e.g., the two peaks of VOC concentrations from LPG usage were in line with the cooking times for breakfast and lunch. Wind rose plots of the VOCs from each source could reveal the possible distribution of the sources around the monitoring site. The O₃ pollution episodes during the measurement period were found to be coincident with the elevation of VOCs, which was mainly due to the air parcel from the southeast direction where petrochemical industry emission was found to be dominant, suggesting that the petrochemical industry emission from the southeast was probably a significant cause of O₃ pollution in Shenyang.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)研究进展

对持久性有机污染物的定义、特点、种类和危害进行了介绍,分析了这些物质在全球自然界中存在的量和来源,阐述了POPs在区域或全球的迁移、循环模式以及POPs的预测模型,提出了对目前和将来POPs控制的研究对策和一些意见。     

武汉市城市地貌灾害及防治对策

城市地貌灾害含自然地貌灾害与城市人类活动所导致的地貌灾害。而大城市人口密集,人类活动强度大,所发生的灾害常常表现为自然与人工共同作用所造成,而后者常常是自然灾害的诱发因素。     

影响总氮空白测定因素的实验探讨

水质中总氮的测定采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法(HJ 636-2012),对本方法中影响总氮测定的各种因素进行了实验探索和结果分析.在实验探索中,主要是从实验用水、实验试剂、实验器皿(主要是比色管)等方面研究总氮测定过程中对空白的影响.实验结果分析表明:实验用水只要是新鲜制备的去离子水,分别通过两台纯水机的水都能满足空白值要求.过硫酸钾和氢氧化钠的纯度、碱性过硫酸钾溶液和1+9盐酸溶液的存放时间、比色管的洁净程度等均会影响总氮的空白值.结合综上所述方案,可以得到最优化的总氮空白值为0.010的吸光度.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a maize field in the North China Plain (Wangdu County, Hebei Province, China) were investigated using static chambers during two consecutive maize growing seasons in the 2008 and 2009. The N₂O pulse emissions occurred with duration of about 10 days after basal and additional fertilizer applications in the both years. The average N₂O fluxes from the CK (control plot, without crop, fertilization and irrigation), NP (chemical N fertilizer), SN (wheat straw returning plus chemical N fertilizer), OM- 1/2N (chicken manure plus half chemical N fertilizer) and OMN (chicken manure plus chemical N fertilizer) plots in 2008 were 8.51, 72.1, 76.6, 101, 107 ng N/(m²·sec), respectively, and in 2009 were 33.7, 30.0 and 35.0 ng N/(m²·sec) from CK, NP and SN plots, respectively. The emission factors of the applied fertilizer as N₂O-N (EFs) were 3.8% (2008) and 1.1% (2009) for the NP plot, 3.2% (2008) and 1.2% (2009) for the SN plot, and 2.8% and 2.2% in 2008 for the OM-1/2N and OMN plots, respectively. Hydromorphic properties of the investigated soil (with gley) are in favor of denitrification. The large differences of the soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) between the two maize seasons were suspected to be responsible for the significant yearly variations. Compared with the treatments of NP and SN, chicken manure coupled with compound fertilizer application significantly reduced fertilizer loss rate as N₂O-N.     

The Tourism Carrying Capacity of Underwater Trails in Isabel Island National Park, Mexico

The popularity of ecotourism in the marine protected areas of Mexico has increased over the last 10 years; in particular there is a large development of a SCUBA diving industry in the Mexican Pacific including Isabel Island. Given the risks associated with human activity in the marine environments around this island, we propose two ecotourism management strategies: (1) the creation and use of underwater trails, and (2) the estimation of the specific tourism carrying capacity (TCC) for each trail. Six underwater trails were selected in sites that presented elements of biological, geological, and scenic interest, using information obtained during field observations. The methodology used to estimate the TCC was based upon the physical and biological conditions of each site, the infrastructure and equipment available, and the characteristics of the service providers and the administrators of the park. Correction factors of the TCC included elements of the quality of the visit and the threat and vulnerability of the marine environment of each trail (e.g., divers’ expertise, size and distance between groups of divers, accessibility, wind, coral coverage). The TCC values ranged between 1,252 and 1,642 dives/year/trail, with a total of 8,597 dives/year for all six trails. Although these numbers are higher than the actual number of recreational visitors to the island (~1,000 dives per year), there is a need for adequate preventive management if the diving sites are to maintain their esthetic appeal and biological characteristics. Such management might be initially directed toward using only the sites and the TCC proposed here.     

Cd2+ adsorption on alkaline-pretreated diatomaceous earth: equilibrium and thermodynamic studies

Naturally occurring diatomaceous earth was modified by alkaline pretreatment, and its effectiveness for Cd²⁺ removal from contaminated water was investigated. Batch experiments were carried out to determine Cd²⁺ adsorption capacity and the efficiency of the sorption process under different experimental conditions. Experimental data showed good fitting to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models. The Cd²⁺ maximum adsorption capacity was 0.058 mmol g⁻¹ for raw diatomite and increased to 0.195 mmol g⁻¹ for alkaline-pretreated diatomite with efficiency higher than 96% (diatomite dose 2.5 g L⁻¹, pH 6). Adsorption of Cd²⁺ to alkaline-pretreated diatomite increased as the temperature increased. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated to evaluate the feasibility of the adsorption process at different temperatures. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The interaction between Cd²⁺ ions and diatomite surface was weak enough to be considered as physical sorption, confirmed by the low value of activation energy.     

Effects of copper sulfate on growth and physiological responses of Limoniastrum monopetalum

A glasshouse study of the coastal shrub Limoniastrum monopetalum was carried out to evaluate its tolerance and capacity to accumulate copper. We investigate the effects of Cu from 0 to 60 mmol l^?1 on the growth, photosynthetic apparatus, and nutrient uptake of L. monopetalum, by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and total copper, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and magnesium content in the plant tissues. Although L. monopetalum did not survive at 60 mmol l^?1 Cu, the species demonstrated a high tolerance to Cu-induced stress, since all plants survived external Cu concentrations of up to 35 mmol l^?1 and displayed similar growth in the Cu-enriched medium as in the control treatment of up to the external level of 15 mmol Cu l^?1 (1,000 mg Cu l^?1). The reduced growth registered in plants exposed to 35 mmol Cu l^?1 can be attributed to reduced photosynthetic carbon assimilation associated with the adverse effect of the metal on the photochemical apparatus and a reduction in the absorption of essential nutrients. Copper tolerance was associated with the capacity of the plant to accumulate the metal in its roots and effectively prevent its translocation to photosynthetic tissues. L. monopetalum has the characteristics of a Cu-excluder plant and could be used in the revegetation of Cu-contaminated soils.