Enantioselective hydrolysis and photolysis of mandipropamid in different aquatic environments — evaluation of influencing factors

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The hydrolysis and photolysis of the chiral fungicide mandipropamid were investigated, and the potential enantioselectivity of mandipropamid in...     

Tracing the impact of stack configuration on interface resistances in reverse electrodialysis by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• RED performance and stack resistance were studied by EIS and LSV. • Interface resistance were discriminated from Ohmic resistance by EIS. • Impacts of spacer shadow effect and concentration polarization were analyzed. • Ionic short current reduced the power density for more cell pairs. • The results enabled to predict RED performance with different configurations. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging membrane-based technology for the production of renewable energy from mixing waters with different salinities. Herein, the impact of the stack configuration on the Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances as well as the performance of RED were systematically studied by using in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three different parameters (membrane type, number of cell pairs and spacer design) were controlled. The Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances were evaluated for RED stacks equipped with two types of commercial membranes (Type I and Type II) supplied by Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V: Type I Fuji membranes displayed higher Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances than Type II membranes, which was mainly attributed to the difference in fixed charge density. The output power of the stack was observed to decrease with the increasing number of cell pairs mainly due to the increase in ionic shortcut currents. With the reduction in spacer thickness from 750 to 200 µm, the permselectivity of membranes in the stack decreased from 0.86 to 0.79 whereas the energy efficiency losses increased from 31% to 49%. Overall, the output of the present study provides a basis for understanding the impact of stack design on internal losses during the scaling-up of RED.     

Improvement of aquaculture water quality by mixed Bacillus and its effects on microbial community structure

Microbial remediation, especially the application of probiotics, has recently gained popularity in improving water quality and maintaining aquatic animal health. The efficacy and mechanism of mixed Bacillus for improvement of water quality and its effects on aquatic microbial community structure remain unknown. To elucidate these issues, we applied two groups of mixed Bacillus (Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis (A0?+?BS) and Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus coagulans (A0?+?BC)) to the aquaculture system of Crucian carp. Our results showed that the improvement effect of mixed Bacillus A0?+?BS on water quality was better than that of A0?+?BC, and the NH₄⁺-N, NO₂^?-N, NO₃^?-N, and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were reduced by 46.3%, 76.3%, 35.6%, and 80.3%, respectively. In addition, both groups of mixed Bacillus increased the diversity of the bacterial community and decreased the diversity of the fungal community. Microbial community analysis showed that mixed Bacillus A0?+?BS increased the relative abundance of bacteria related with nitrogen and phosphorus removal, such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Comamonas, and Stenotrophomonas, but decreased the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas) and fungi (Epicoccum and Fusarium). Redundancy analysis showed that NH₄⁺-N, NO₂^?-N, and TP were the primary environmental factors affecting the microbial community in aquaculture water. PICRUST analysis indicated that all functional pathways in the A0?+?BS group were richer than those in other groups. These results indicated that mixed Bacillus A0?+?BS addition produced good results in reducing nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds and shaped a favorable microbial community structure to further improve water quality.

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四川盆地冬季典型污染过程分析及应急减排效果评估

为探讨成都冬季污染过程成因,评估应急减排效果,以2019年12月成都发生的一次长时间污染过程为例,分析污染成因和典型污染物变化特征等,并对四川省启动预警的管控效果进行评估。结果表明:污染期间四川省PM_2.5平均质量浓度为77.9 μg/m³,高出冬季常态浓度1倍左右,成都峰值浓度高达176.0 μg/m³;盆地独特的地形和静稳小风的气象条件,加之高压脊控制影响,污染前期出现连续晴好天气,夜间逆温增强,污染物累积迅速,湿度增大导致污染物二次转化增强,是该次污染过程的重要外因;PM_2.5中硝酸根离子贡献最大(26.7%),NO_x及其二次转化的硝酸根离子是造成该次污染的主要原因;启动黄色预警后,NO₂及其转化后的硝酸根离子浓度以及PM_2.5浓度仍呈上升趋势,各类源贡献显著;升级橙色预警后,NO₂峰值浓度明显下降,硝酸根离子占PM_2.5的比例下降3.7个百分点,PM_2.5浓度上升趋势得到明显遏制;该次区域协同减排效果明显,区域PM_2.5日平均质量浓度下降9.1%~13.1%,区域性污染推迟1d出现,预警城市的重度污染、中度污染、轻度污染天数分别减少13、13、7 d;PM_2.5浓度下降主要来自于工业源、扬尘源和移动源的减排贡献,平均减排贡献比例分别为60.0%、31.3%和8.7%。