Genotypic variation in element concentrations in brown rice from Yunnan landraces in China

The mineral elements present in brown rice play an important physiological role in global human health. We investigated genotypic variation of eight of these elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in 11 different grades of brown rice on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of 282 alleles for 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Six-hundred and twenty-eight landraces from the same field in Yunnan Province, one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the world, formed our core collection. The mean concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) of the eight elements in brown rice for these landraces were P (3,480) > K (2,540) > Mg (1,480) > Ca (157) > Zn (32.8) > Fe (32.0) > Cu (13.6) > Mn (13.2). Mean P concentrations in brown rice were 6.56 times total soil P, so the grains are important in tissue storage of P, but total soil K is 7.82 times mean K concentrations in brown rice. The concentrations of the eight elements in some grades of brown rice, on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of alleles for 20 SSR markers for the landraces, were significantly different (P < 0.05), and further understanding of the relationship between mineral elements and gene diversity is needed. There was large variation in element concentrations in brown rice, ranging from 2,160 to 5,500 mg P kg⁻¹, from 1,130 to 3,830 mg K kg⁻¹, from 61.8 to 488 mg Ca kg⁻¹, from 864 to 2,020 mg Mg kg⁻¹, from 0.40 to 147 mg Fe kg⁻¹, from 15.1 to 124 mg Zn kg⁻¹, from 0.10 to 59.1 mg Cu kg⁻¹, and from 6.7 to 26.6 mg Mn kg⁻¹. Therefore, germplasm evaluations for Ca, Fe, and Zn concentrations in rice grains have detected up to sevenfold genotypic differences, suggesting that selection for high levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn in breeding for mass production is a feasible approach. Increasing the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn in rice grains will help alleviate chronic Ca, Zn, and Fe deficiencies in many areas of the world.     

喜马拉雅山区葇籽草和棘豆样品中PCBs、PBDEs和PCDD/Fs的分析

应用同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)法分析了喜马拉雅山区海拔5000 m以上的葇籽草和棘豆样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和二噁英(PCDD/Fs)的含量.这两种植物样品中污染物含量与世界其它偏远地区的水平基本保持一致.其中PCBs的总含量在1.94—3.62 ng.g-1干重(dw)范围内,平均值为2.60 ng.g-1dw;PCB-28和PCB-52的浓度明显较高,约占7种指示性PCBs总量的90%以上.14种PBDEs的总浓度在83.3—142 pg.g-1dw之间,平均值为116 pg.g-1dw;除BDE-85、-138、-154,以及高溴代的BDE-190和BDE-209未检出外,其它9种单体均有不同程度的检出,且以低溴代的BDE-28为主,含量占45%以上.样品中PCDD/Fs基本上未检出.由于样品采集点位于喜马拉雅山人迹罕至的珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区,周围并无工业污染源,因此植物样品中PCBs及PBDEs可能是污染物发生大气长距离传输和生物富集的结果.     

Degradation of chitin and antagonism in Phomopsis asparagi by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MY001北大核心CSCD

About 10 billion tons of chitin, a natural polymer, is generated annually. However, the utilization of chitin was hindered because of the lack of a clean and effective degradation process. In this study, bacterial strains with chitosanase-producing ability were isolated from soil and identified using 16S rDNA, gyrA, and gyrB gene sequence analysis. In addition, the degradation of insoluble chitin and antifungal capability of the bacterial strains were investigated. One selected isolate was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MY001. It showed antagonistic effect on Phomopsis asparagi (Sacc.) Bubak and could degrade insoluble chitin. The combination of chitin/chitosan and MY001 strain could enhance the inhibition on the growth of P. asparagi. In conclusion, strain B. amyloliquefaciens MY001 can directly degrade chitin. The combination of MY001 strain with chitin shows more effective inhibition on P. asparagi growth. These results suggest the direct utilization of chitin against fungal diseases of crops. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Turbulent rectangular compound open channel flow study using multi-zonal approach

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - In this paper, an improved Shiono–Knight model (SKM) has been proposed to calculate the rectangular compound open channel flows by considering a multi-zonal...     

活性碳纤维电极-生物膜反应器对废水的强化脱氮性能

利用自制的活性碳纤维电极-生物膜反应器对低碳氮比(碳元素与氮元素的质量比)废水进行了脱氮实验.实验结果表明:当进水COD和碳氮比较低时,碳氮比和电流密度均对反应器的脱氮性能有很大影响;当碳氮比小于3.0时,出水的ρ(NO3--N)随进水碳氮比的增大而减小;当进水COD为70 mg/L,ρ( NO3--N)为35 mg/L、碳氮比为2.0、电流密度为0.025 mA/cm2、反应时间为8h时,出水的ρ(NO3--N)达到最低值11.2 mg/L,NO3--N去除率为68.0％.在适宜的碳氮比条件下,电极-生物膜反应器具有显著的强化脱氮作用,其对NO3--N的去除率与单纯生物膜反应器相比可提高6.0～15.0个百分点.保持碳氮比不变,提高进水COD会导致所需电流密度的提高和脱氮能力的下降.     

聚丙烯酸钠-硅溶胶的合成及其对阳离子金黄染料的吸附

通过简单的水溶液聚合法成功合成了聚丙烯酸钠-硅溶胶复合吸附剂,并对其进行了SEM和热重分析,研究了吸附条件对该吸附剂对阳离子金黄染料吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,当硅溶胶质量分数为20%、初始染料质量浓度为60 mg/L、初始溶液pH为7、反应温度为298 K时,聚丙烯酸钠-硅溶胶复合吸附剂对阳离子金黄染料的吸附量为64.64 mg/g。由二级吸附动力学模型获得的活化能(Ea=2.617 kJ/mol)表明,聚丙烯酸钠-硅溶胶复合材料对阳离子金黄的吸附属于物理吸附,低温有利于吸附。     

海上溢油回收技术研究

论述了厌氧-好氧(A/O)工艺的基本原理及工艺参数。该工艺在冀东油田两座废水处理站的应用结果表明,对废水中石油类物质、COD、硫化物去除效果明显。高一联合站及柳一联合站污水经处理后,石油类物质去除率分别为90.6%和96.0%;COD去除率分别为86.0%和91.6%;硫化物去除率分别为94.8%和98.2%,处理后的污水均达到一级排放标准。另外,采用厌氧-好氧工艺的成本相对较低,处理费用低于0.5元/m3。处理后的污水若回注地下,平均费用为4.7元/m3。     

高硫化物型污泥膨胀的机理与控制

污泥膨胀问题一直是废水生物法处理过程中的难题之一。针对高硫化物型污泥膨胀，本文着重从硫化物和小分子有机酸的影响、溶解氧的限制、痕量金属的缺乏这三方面对膨胀产生的机理进行了分析，并对相应的控制方法加以讨论，供同行参考。     

生物质能利用技术-厌氧消化技术的研究新进展

厌氧消化技术是最重要的生物质能利用技术之一。厌氧消化技术是实现废物污染防治和能源回收利用的有效方法。本文综述了厌氧消化技术利用生物质废物回收利用生物质能的最新研究进展,分别介绍了生物质废物厌氧发酵产乳酸,氢气和甲烷的机理,研究现状和存在的问题,并对其进一步发展和未来的应用前景进行了分析和展望,为寻找适合中国的垃圾处理技术提供一些参考。     

不同行驶工况下轻型柴油车瞬时排放的CMEM模拟研究

以轻型柴油车为研究对象,给出了轻型柴油车瞬时排放计算模型的结构和主要输入参数,并将车辆在实际道路上的瞬时排放计算结果与实测数据作了对比验证.结果表明,THC、CO以及NO_x排放的相对误差分别为14.2%、 3.7%和32.7%,相关系数分别达到0.73、 0.72和0.87,表明CMEM模型能够较好地反映车辆在实际道路上排放的瞬时变化.对车辆在日本10-15工况、欧洲ECE工况、美国FTP城区工况及上海城市主干道路况上的排放和燃油经济性进行了模拟计算.CMEM模拟结果发现,污染物排放水平随着车速的提高而下降;特别是超低速段0～10 km·h^-1向10～20 km·h^-1过渡时,污染物排放水平变化显著.车辆的加速过程在污染物排放过程中起主导作用,其对污染物排放的贡献在30%以上,个别甚至超过70%.上海城市主干道工况的怠速过程对THC和CO的贡献率分别接近40%和30%,CO、THC、NO_x排放因子分别是欧美日的1.3、 1.5、 1.4倍,1.5、 2.1、 1.9倍以及1.2、 1.3、 1.3倍.模拟车辆在上海城市主干道上的燃油经济性最差,仅9.56 km·L^-1.国外行驶工况不能真实地反映我国机动车在实际道路上的行驶状况.