居室玻璃表面有机质与多环芳烃分布规律研究

为探讨广州和香港市区玻璃表面薄膜上有机质和PAHs的分布特征,从2007年12月至2008年1月,利用低尘擦拭纸采集广州和香港室内外相对应的15对玻璃表面薄膜样品.结果表明,广州室内外有机质占表面薄膜重量的1.8%和1.1%,香港则分别为3.9%和1.6%.玻璃表面薄膜上Σ15PAHs浓度的最高值达到1430ng/m2,以菲,芴,荧蒽,芘等为主.室内外对比结果显示,主要以颗粒态形式存在的5~6环化合物室内外差别较大,广州室外比室内大约高1倍,而香港由于中央通风系统的过滤作用,其室外比室内高约5~10倍.根据有机质和PAHs浓度之间的相关性,认为室内外存在不同源强的有机质和PAHs来源,玻璃表面可能更有利于PAHs的光降解.     

Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209诱导LINE-1基因低甲基化和ESR1基因高甲基化

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)是使用最多的一种多溴阻燃剂,由于具有高亲脂性和低挥发性,容易蓄积在生物体内,在人体血清、母乳、肝脏等组织中均有检出;其环境脱溴产物九溴一氯联苯醚(Cl-BDE-208)也在血清样品和环境样品中被频频检出,而目前对这种化合物的毒理学研究,特别是对人体早期健康效应的研究较少。为了评估Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209的早期健康效应,以人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7为模型,环境相关浓度(0.375~3μmol·L-1)为暴露浓度,检测Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209对重复序列LINE-1、全基因组DNA甲基化(GDM)和雌激素受体基因(包括ESR1和ESR2)甲基化水平的改变。结果表明,Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209都可能通过降低DNA甲基化转移酶(DNMTs)活性而诱导了LINE-1和GDM的低甲基化,8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHd G)水平的升高可能参与了BDE-209引起的低甲基化过程;同时通过促进雌激素受体α(ESR1)基因的高甲基化而显著下调了ESR1基因的表达,而对雌激素受体β(ESR2)基因甲基化水平并没有显著影响。Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209都可能通过改变DNA甲基化水平而影响人体的早期健康效应,同时ESR1基因的高甲基化可能是Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209引起内分泌毒性的机制之一。     

港口煤翻车机房粉尘污染捕集的设计与应用

对煤翻车机房煤尘的污染现状进行了实际测量与数据分析,得到煤尘上扬的数学模型,设计了翻车机房扬尘的捕集系统,并对系统内各个装置的功能进行了分析。采用吹、吸互补并利用导流板的捕尘方式,使无序飞扬的粉尘变成了有序的流动,该方法解决了大区域、复杂工况环境捕集粉尘的问题。     

China's Grain for Green Program has reduced soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River

Severe soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River is a serious environmental problem in western China. In order to control this soil erosion, the national government implemented the Grain for Green Program (GGP) in Sichuan Province (in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River) and Shaanxi Province (in the middle reaches of the Yellow River) in 1999. To evaluate the effects of the GGP on soil erosion, the present study investigated the relationships between annual precipitation and three parameters, annual runoff, sediment concentration, and sediment discharge, for these rivers. As the area covered by the GGP increased, sediment concentration and sediment discharge both decreased, and the correlation with the GGP area was much stronger than the correlation with annual precipitation. Therefore, China's GGP appears to be controlling soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River.     

Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus on a remote high mountain of the eastern Tibetan Plateau: implications for regional sources and environmental behaviors

We investigated the occurrence of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), six novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus in air and soils on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We detected all of the NBFR except bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate and pentabromoethyl benzene. NBFRs constituted the most prevalent group. BDE-28 and BDE-47 dominated among the PBDE congeners. Decabromodiphenyl ethane was detected at relatively high levels up to 171 pg/m³ and 1450 pg/g dry weight in air and soils, respectively; however, it appeared to be easily degraded in the environment. A general decreasing trend was observed among the HFR concentrations with increasing altitude, and this was due to the prominent contribution of source emissions over possible influence of environmental conditions. This study also suggests that HFRs are supplied to forest soils mainly in the form of precipitation and retained in the O horizon layers.     

重组人金属硫蛋白-Ⅲα短肽对UVB致HaCaT细胞氧化损伤的缓解作用

利用体外自由基清除实验研究重组人金属硫蛋白Ⅲα短肽(rh-MT-Ⅲα)自由基清除能力,建立紫外线B(UVB)损伤HaCaT细胞模型,使用不同浓度rh-MT-Ⅲα(25～200μg·mL-1)处理损伤的HaCaT细胞24 h后观察细胞存活率、细胞形态、细胞凋亡及细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平,从细胞水平上评价rh-MT-Ⅲα对UVB致HaCaT细胞氧化损伤的作用.体外自由基清除实验结果显示,随着rh-MT-Ⅲα浓度升高,其对1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率也随之增加,清除率为50％时所需rh-MT-Ⅲα浓度(IC50)为184.32μg·mL-1.抗光氧化损伤实验结果显示,rh-MT-Ⅲα可有效提高UVB损伤后HaCaT细胞的存活率、改善细胞形态并显著降低细胞凋亡及细胞内ROS含量,且在100μg·mL-1时修复作用最为明显.实验结果表明rh-MT-Ⅲα具有较强自由基清除能力,可有效缓解UVB诱导的HaCaT细胞氧化损伤,且在100μg·mL-1剂量下作用显著.     

岩溶区公路边坡监测TLS点云处理与3D场景构建研究

岩溶山区公路的工程地质条件极为脆弱,容易造成沿线边坡整体或局部滑坡,为保障岩溶山区公路的运营安全,对公路沿线易滑边坡进行定位监测分析是十分有必要的。选取云南九乡典型岩溶山区公路的一个易滑边坡作为实验监测对象,针对传统"点"式监测方法存在的不足,采用地面三维激光扫描(Terrestrial Laser Scanning,TLS)技术对该边坡实施了野外现场扫描并获得该易滑边坡现状的3D点云数据;基于I-Site Studio三维点云数据处理平台,开展了对该公路易滑边坡扫描获得的3D点云数据进行了配准、滤波去噪和空洞修复等预处理,以及精细化建模和三维场景构建等试验研究。整理得出了利用地面TLS技术进行岩溶山区公路易滑边坡3D点云数据采集、预处理和3D场景模拟分析等完整技术应用过程,并对TLS技术用于该实验区边坡监测的测量精度进行了评价。研究结果表明,相对于传统"点"式监测方法,地面TLS技术在岩溶山区公路沿线易滑边坡监测中能够获取更加丰富的空间三维数据,并构建出精细化的三维场景模型。     

强风下不同高度低矮建筑间干扰效应研究

以往研究已经认识到相对高度对低矮平屋面建筑风荷载分布有着直接的影响,但双坡屋面房屋气动特性与之存在差别。为研究相对高度对双坡屋面建筑风荷载分布与风致干扰效应影响,以2016年莫兰蒂台风登陆东南沿海某地区实测强风数据为基础,采用计算流体动力学方法,对不同高度的两栋低矮建筑与该地区不规则低矮建筑群模型的屋面风荷载进行数值模拟,并研究其风致干扰效应。研究结果表明:对于两栋低矮建筑,当高度比小于2时,随着高度比的增加,受扰房屋背风屋面负风压系数绝对值减小。在迎风屋面上,当高度比大于1时屋面风压为负,且随着高度比的增加迎风屋面负风压系数也随之增大。对于此不规则低矮建筑群,60°为抗风最不利风向角。整体上,高度增加的房屋其屋面负风压系数出现增大,高度不变的房屋屋面负风压系数减小。     

Partitioning and persistence of trichlorfon and chlorpyrifos in a creeping bentgrass putting green

Golf course putting greens typically receive high pesticide applications to meet high quality demands. Research on pesticide fate in turf ecosystems is important to better understand the potential impact of pesticide use on the environment and human health. This research was conducted to evaluate the environmental fate of two commonly used insecticides--trichlorfon (dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethylphosphonate) and chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridylphosphorothioate)--in a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) putting green under customary field management practices at the University of California-Riverside Turf Research Facility during 1996 and 1997. The two insecticides were chosen because of their difference in water solubility, persistence, adsorption, and vapor pressure. Volatilization, clipping removal, and soil residues of the insecticides were quantified and leaching was monitored using lysimeters installed in putting green plots. Results showed trichlorfon volatilization, clipping removal, and leaching loss was insignificant (in the range of 0.0001-0.06% of applied mass) both in 1996 and 1997. No significant difference in clipping removal of trichlorfon and chlorpyrifos was observed in both years (0.06 and 0.05% of applied mass for trichlorfon and 0.15 and 0.19% of applied mass for chlorpyrifos, respectively, in 1996 and 1997), but significantly lower cumulative leaching and lower soil concentration was observed in 1997 than in 1996. Volatilization loss of chlorpyrifos was not significantly different between 1996 (2.05%) and 1997 (2.71%). Volatilization loss of trichlorfon in 1996 (0.01%) was significantly higher than in 1997 (0.008%). This study demonstrated the fraction of applied insecticides leaving the turf putting greens was minimal.     

Degradation of soil fumigants as affected by initial concentration and temperature

Soil fumigation using shank injection creates high fumigant concentration gradients in soil from the injection point to the soil surface. A temperature gradient also exists along the soil profile. We studied the degradation of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in an Arlington sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Haplic Durixeralf) at four temperatures and four initial concentrations. We then tested the applicability of first-order, half-order, and second-order kinetics, and the Michaelis-Menten model for describing fumigant degradation as affected by temperature and initial concentration. Overall, none of the models adequately described the degradation of MITC and 1,3-D isomers over the range of the initial concentrations. First-order and half-order kinetics adequately described the degradation of MITC and 1,3-D isomers at each initial concentration, with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.78 (r2> 0.78). However, the derived rate constant was dependent on the initial concentration. The first-order rate constants varied between 6 and 10x for MITC for the concentration range of 3 to 140 mg kg(-1), and between 1.5 and 4x for 1,3-D isomers for the concentration range of 0.6 to 60 mg kg(-1), depending on temperature. For the same initial concentration range, the variation in the half-order rate constants was between 1.4 and 1.7x for MITC and between 3.1 and 6.1x for 1,3-D isomers, depending on temperature. Second-order kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten model did not satisfactorily describe the degradation at all initial concentrations. The degradation of MITC and 1,3-D was primarily biodegradation, which was affected by temperature between 20 and 40 degrees C, following the Arrhenius equation (r2 > 0.74).