Influence of sulfur dioxide-related interactions on PM2.5 formation in iron ore sintering

The formation of PM_2.5 (aerosol particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) in association with SO₂ emission during sintering process has been studied by dividing the whole sintering process into six typical sampling stages. A low-pressure cascade impactor was used to collect PM_2.5 by automatically segregating particulates into six sizes. It was found that strong correlation existed between the emission properties of PM_2.5 and SO₂. Wet mixture layer (overwetted layer and raw mixture layer) had the function to simultaneously capture SO₂ and PM_2.5 during the early sintering stages, and released them back into flue gas mainly in the flue gas temperature-rising period. CaSO₄ crystals constituted the main SO₂-related PM_2.5 during the disappearing process of overwetted layer, which was able to form perfect individual crystals or to form particles with complex chemical compositions. Besides the existence of individual CaSO₄ crystals, mixed crystals of K₂SO₄-CaSO₄ in PM_2.5 were also found during the first half of the temperature-rising period of flue gas. The interaction between fine-grained Ca-based fluxes, potassium vapors, and SO₂ was the potential source of SO₂-related PM_2.5.

Implications: The emission property of PM_2.5 and SO₂ throughout the sintering process exhibited well similarity. This phenomenon tightened the relationship between the formation of PM_2.5 and the emission of SO₂. Through revealing the properties of SO₂-related PM_2.5 during sintering process, the potential interaction between fine-grained Ca-based fluxes, potassium vapors, and SO₂ was found to be the source of SO₂-related PM_2.5. This information can serve as the guidance to develop efficient techniques to control the formation and emission of PM_2.5 in practical sintering plants.     

Distribution and risk assessment of organochlorine contaminants in surface water from River Chenab, Pakistan

Concentrations in surface waters (including particulate phase) of the River Chenab ranged from 27-1100 ng L(-1) and 25-1200 ng L(-1) for OCPs and 7.7-110 ng L(-1) and 13-99 ng L(-1) for PCBs during summer and winter, respectively from 2007-2009. DDTs exhibited the highest concentration, followed by HCHs > chlordane > ∑(24)PCBs > ∑other OCPs. Different indicative ratios for organochlorines suggest that current use, long range transport and also past application of these chemicals contribute to the total burden. Statistical analysis highlighted agricultural and industrial activities and municipal waste disposal as main sources of OCPs and PCBs in the riverine ecosystem of the River Chenab. Risk Quotients (RQ(CCCs)) > 10 for DDTs and PCBs levels in collected water samples from the River Chenab suggest that risk from DDTs and PCBs is moderate to severe and fluxes calculated for OCPs and PCBs from the River Chenab to the Indus River were 7.5 tons per year and 1.0 tons per year, respectively.     

黄河中下游表层沉积物中有机氯农药含量及分布

利用GC-ECD检测了黄河中下游干支流23个表层沉积物中的有机氯农药,主要检测出HCHs、DDTs、六氯苯、氯丹等,总含量范围为0.35～22.92 ng/g,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量较高,分别为0.09～12.88 ns/g和0.05～5.03 ng/g.干流中有机氯农药的含量从中游到中下游呈逐渐升高趋势,主要支流中的含量为:新蟒河＞金堤河＞汜水＞伊洛河＞沁河.干流中HCHs含量较海河、珠江、长江和黄浦江明显偏高;DDTs含量与除海河外的其它河流基本相同,但两者均低于国外河流.沿河流区域工业废水和主要支流的汇入、农药的广泛施用所引起的长期残留与风化土壤是黄河有机氯农药污染的主要来源.     

倒置A2/O污水处理工艺的特点及应用实例

传统A2/O工艺在保证脱氮效果的同时除磷效果往往不佳.在充分分析传统A2/O工艺的基础上,提出了将缺氧池置于厌氧池前面,厌氧池后设置好氧池的分点进水倒置A2/O工艺.某污水厂的现场试验表明,在COD去除能力与常规A2/O工艺相当的情况下,倒置A2/O工艺的脱氮除磷功能明显优于常规A2/O工艺.     

模拟水流环境中抗生素的行为特征与归宿

利用香港理工大学水动力学实验室的大型流动水槽(FLUME)模拟动态水流环境,研究了4种不同类型的抗生素(红霉素、罗红霉素、氧氟沙星和磺胺甲唑)在动态和静态水体与沉积物之间的交换与配分,初步探明了抗生素类药物在河流环境中的行为及归宿. 结果显示:在水流环境下,抗生素被迅速吸附到水体中悬浮的颗粒物和表层沉积物中,并可通过剪切力作用被吸附到次表层沉积物中. 而在静止水体中,仅有少量的抗生素被吸附到表层沉积物中. 氧氟沙星显示出强的吸附特性(DT50≥22 d),具有高的吸附系数(Kd),而磺胺甲唑的吸附能力较弱. 在FLUME系统中,氧氟沙星具有适中的持久性,其他3种药物显示出弱的持久性;而在静止系统中,4种药物均显示出适中的持久性. 抗生素在水流环境中的持久性要低于静止环境. 颗粒物的吸附与自身的代谢是抗生素在水流环境中的主要归宿.      

历史文化名城的旅游开发

历史文化名城的旅游规划具有重要的宏观指导意义,要围绕历史文化遗存进行旅游系统建设、利用历史街区、历史路段进行旅游线路设计。旅游管理应以保护为主,综合协调,利用旅游感知形象,重点突出、层次分明地进行旅游营销。     

Biodegradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate by Ralstonia sp. PBA and Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant

A co-culture consisting of Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC and Ralstonia sp. PBA, isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant could tolerate up to 100 mM 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (4-ABS) and utilize it as sole carbon, nitrogen and sulfur source under aerobic condition. The biodegradation of 4-ABS resulted in the release of nitrogen and sulfur in the form of ammonium and sulfate respectively. Ninety-eight percent removal of chemical oxygen demand attributed to 20 mM of 4-ABS in cell-free supernatant could be achieved after 118 h. Effective biodegradation of 4-ABS occurred at pH ranging from 6 to 8. During batch culture with 4-ABS as sole carbon and nitrogen source, the ratio of strain PBA to PBC was dynamic and a critical concentration of strain PBA has to be reached in order to enable effective biodegradation of 4-ABS. Haldane inhibition model was used to fit the degradation rate at different initial concentrations and the parameters μ_max, K_s and K_i were determined to be 0.13 h⁻¹, 1.3 mM and 42 mM respectively. HPLC analyses revealed traced accumulation of 4-sulfocatechol and at least four unidentified metabolites during biodegradation. This is the first study to report on the characterization of 4-ABS-degrading bacterial consortium that was isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant.     

Sorption and degradation of wastewater-associated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics in soils

Presence of pharmaceuticals at trace levels in recycled water is an emerging issue impacting the beneficial reuse of treated wastewater, including practices such as irrigation and groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid regions. To assess the environmental risks of irrigation with recycled water containing such micropollutants, in this study we evaluated sorption and degradation of five pharmaceuticals that are antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs in two soils collected from arid regions. Naproxen and trimethoprim showed moderate to strong sorption, while the sorption of diclofenac, ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole was negligible in both soils. Under aerobic conditions, the studied compounds were susceptible to microbial degradation with half-lives varying from 4.8 to 69.3 d. Apart from sulfamethoxazole, the other compounds were relatively persistent under anaerobic conditions as indicated by a negligible loss over 84 d of incubation or half-lives >50 d. The degradation of the selected pharmaceuticals was influenced by microbial activities, oxygen status in the soil, soil type and compound characteristics. The poor sorption and relative persistence of diclofenac and ibuprofen under anaerobic conditions suggest that the two chemicals may pose a high leaching risk when using recycled for irrigation or groundwater replenishment.