酸雨对汉白玉的危害研究

采用模拟的方法研究了酸雨对天然汉白玉危害，研究结果表明，酸雨对汉白玉石材的危害主要是溶解腐蚀。根据数量统计获得了影氧化钙损失的因素和腐蚀速率“ｂ”以及腐蚀的规律。     

湘江谷地土壤中稀土元素含量及分布特征

用仪器中子活化法(INAA)测定了湘江谷地土壤(表层)中八个稀土元素(La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Tb,Yb和Lu),并对其分布特征作了初步探讨。结果表明,该地区土壤中稀土元素平均含量为197ppm,高于世界土壤含量(154ppm),同时也高于我国吐鲁番地区和松辽平原土壤的稀土元素含量;该地区土壤中稀土元素含量的变异系数较大,可达50—66％;该地区四种主要类型土壤中稀土元素含量分布规律为:水稻土>红壤>黄壤>紫色土;球粒陨石归一化后,呈斜率为负值的曲线,主要富集轻稀土元素。     

UASB、SR、CASS法处理淀粉生产高浓度废水

淀粉生产显酸性 ,当SO- 23 和SO- 24的含量分别超过 2 0 0 -30 0mg/L时 ,就会对甲烷菌产生抑制作用 ,影响厌氧生物效果。本文就采用UASB、SR、CASS生物脱硫技术治理淀粉生产废水 ,提高UASB的处理能力作扼要介绍。     

简易瞬态工况下汽油车挥发性有机物在线排放特征研究

机动车是大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）的重要排放源之一,识别其高分辨率排放特征对于VOCs污染控制具有重要意义.针对现有研究对不同行驶状态下机动车VOCs排放特征精细化描述较为缺乏这一问题,本研究构建了在线与离线相结合的VOCs测量系统,采用底盘测功机运行的简易瞬态工况（VMAS）,对广州市36辆不同排放标准的汽油车尾气VOCs高分辨率排放特征开展在线测量.实时观测结果发现,随着国标加严,VOCs排放至少下降2个数量级.庚烷、丁烯、甲苯、甲醛和甲醇为各类VOCs的特征组分,各组分间的相关系数普遍在0.90~0.97之间.然而,随着国标加严,组分间的相关系数下降到0.20~0.94,醇类与其它组分出现负相关或无相关性.VOCs排放分布集中于变速阶段,高于怠速和匀速阶段所占的比重,其中,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮等含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）在不同变速阶段维持较高且稳定的排放.这说明在城市地区降低机动车VOCs排放,长期任务是减少因拥堵或其它因素造成的频繁启动和变速,尽可能确保行驶畅通.本研究在线与离线测试所识别的VOCs组分比对结果一致性较高,在线仪器的使用较好地弥补了离线测试识别VOCs实时排放特征的局限性.     

陆面模式Noah-MP模拟地表热通量的物理过程不确定性分析

陆面过程中的热量交换对于确定生态系统中的水文循环、边界层发展、天气和气候至关重要,然而目前陆面模式Noah-MP对地表热通量模拟的偏差在-180~180 W·m^-2之间,为明确模拟不确定性来源,本研究基于FLUXNET全球热通量观测数据,在5种气候类型、9类下垫面系统定量评估了Noah-MP感热和潜热通量模拟的不确定性.结果表明：Noah-MP在不同类型下对感热和潜热通量模拟的平均误差主要分布在-80~10 W·m^-2和-30~10 W·m^-2之间,模型在气候类型为热带和干旱气候以及下垫面类型为草地、针叶林、落叶阔叶林的模拟误差最大.研究发现植被过程是热通量模拟不确定性的主要来源,其次是水文过程和土壤过程;其中动态植被模型（DVEG）是植被过程模拟的主导因子,其次是湍流输送过程（SFC）、冠层气孔阻抗（CRS）和冠层辐射传输（RAD）.     

Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides in a northeastern state of India, Manipur

Thirty-six polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed over a year during January to December, 2009 at three locations, i.e., Imphal (urban site), Thoubal (rural site) and Waithou (alpine site) of Manipur, to assess the seasonal local atmospheric emission of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The average concentration of HCHs monitored at mountain site during hot season (Mar, Apr, and May) and rainy seasons (Jun, Jul, Aug, and Sep) were 403 and 349 pg/m3, respectively. DDTs had a high concentration with 384 pg/m3 at rural site and 379 pg/m3 at urban site during hot seasons. Endosulfans and chlordane were found high in concentration during hot seasons (260 pg/m3) and low during retreating monsoon seasons (44 pg/m3) at rural site. Most of the OCPs concentrations were high during cultivation period. The OCP concentrations of rainy season were highly correlated (p < 0.01) with OCPs of hot seasons. Further, positive correlation (p < 0.05) was also obtained between cold seasons and retreating monsoon. Principal component analysis showed a significant correlation among the four seasons and distribution pattern of OCPs in air. Back trajectory analysis by using HYPSLIT model showed a long range air transport of OCPs to the present study area. Present OCP levels at Manipur is an outcome of both local emission and also movement of air mass by long range atmospheric transport.     

Effects of mixture ratio on anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable waste and food waste of China

The biochemical methane potentials for typical fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and food waste (FW) from a northern China city were investigated, which were 0.30, 0.56 m3 CH4/kgVS (volatile solids) with biodegradabilities of 59.3% and 83.6%, respectively. Individual anaerobic digestion testes of FVW and FW were conducted at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3 kg VS/(m3 day) using a lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor at 35°C. FVW could be digested stably with the biogas production rate of 2.17 m3/(m3 day) and methane production yield of 0.42 m3 CH4/kg VS. However, anaerobic digestion process for FW was failed due to acids accumulation. The effects of FVW: FW ratio on co-digestion stability and performance were further investigated at the same OLR. At FVW and FW mixing ratios of 2:1 and 1:1, the performance and operation of the digester were maintained stable, with no accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. Changing the feed to a higher FW content in a ratio of FVW to FW 1:2, resulted in an increase in VFAs concentration to 1100–1200 mg/L, and the methanogenesis was slightly inhibited. At the optimum mixture ratio 1:1 for co-digestion of FVW with FW, the methane production yield was 0.49 m3 CH4/kg VS, and the volatile solids and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal efficiencies were 74.9% and 96.1%, respectively.     

能源开发利用引起的环境问题分析及对策研究

能源与环境是经济发展进程中的一对孪生兄弟。能源是人类社会赖以生存的物质基础,环境则关系到人类生存和发展的质量。随着经济的持续增长,能源引起的环境问题日益引起重视。本文对能源引起的环境问题进行了梳理归类,并对环境问题进行SWOT分析,以期找出能源合理开发利用、环境良性发展、经济快速增长的有效途径。     

Zeolite (Na) modified by nano-Fe particles adsorbing phosphate in rainwater runoff

Zeolite (Na) modified by self-synthesized nano-Fe particles was used as infiltration media to adsorb phosphate in rainwater runoff. The adsorption capacities increased up to 75 times that of natural zeolite at a saturated equilibrium phosphate concentration of 0.42 mg/L. The correlation of capacity and material-specific surface area indicated that specific surface area was not the key factor contributing to the capacity improvement. SEM and XRD analysis showed that chemical reaction between Fe and P to form new products like cacoxenite is the main reason for the increased capacity, and that the method of adding metal ions or particles to improve the adsorption capacity for phosphate is feasible.     

以高架桥、隧道为枢纽的交通结构震害初探——以立体交通城市重庆为例

以重庆市的地震构造为背景,结合重庆市地震台测震数据阐述了重庆市地震活动情况,介绍了重庆市以高架桥、隧道为枢纽的立体交通方式,分析了各种交通制式在大震下的破坏方式以及破坏程度,针对在建或加固的交通工程提出了建设性意见。