广州地区PBDEs长距离迁移潜力和总持久性模拟

运用TaPL3.0模型对7种PBDEs同系物在广州地区的长距离迁移潜力(LRTP)和总持久性(Pov)进行了模拟研究,并通过灵敏度分析得到了模型的关键参数.研究结果显示,PBDEs排放至大气中,特征迁移距离(CTD)为296~811km,均值为557km;Pov为19~279d,均值为184d;PBDEs平均约有73.8%分布在土壤中,16.9%分布在沉积物中,9.3%分布在其他三相中.PBDEs排放到水体时,CTD为3090~4291km,均值为3731km;Pov范围为228~854d,均值为731d;平均约92.1%分布在沉积物中,6.8%分布在水相中,1.1%在大气、土壤和植被相中.BDE47迁移潜力最大,BDE209易残留于源区形成点源性污染.PBDEs各同系物主要分布在沉积物和土壤中.随着溴代程度升高,CTD逐渐降低,Pov逐渐升高,与国外研究趋势一致.     

渤海湾潮间带表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量分布和生态风险

在渤海湾天津段潮间带及邻近区域的主要入海河流和近海采集86个表层沉积物样品,通过GC/MS对16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量进行分析,结果表明:潮间带44个样品的PAHs平均含量为(140.0±84.1)ng/g,与近海样品的PAHs含量[(161.6±38.7)ng/g, n=26]相当,但远低于河流样品的PAHs含量[(452.7±206.0)ng/g, n=13];潮间带样品的PAHs含量呈现“北区高南区低”(以天津港码头为界)的空间分布特征,与该区域沉积物粒度及黑碳和总有机碳的含量呈现显著的相关性;从PAHs的组成上可以显示潮间带沉积环境具有一定的特殊性;潮间带样品PAHs的BaP毒性当量含量平均为(24.5±21.1)ng/g;根据加拿大魁北克省海洋沉积物中PAHs的质量评估标准,渤海湾表层沉积物中PAHs的污染具有一定的生态风险.     

Wind energy technology development and diffusion: a case study of Inner Mongolia, China

This article reviews the spread of small household wind generators and the development of wind farms in Inner Mongolia, China with emphasis on policy and institutional perspectives. It analyzes the patterns of wind technology dissemination within social, economic, and environmental contexts. It also discusses international investment and technology transfer relating to wind energy technology. The economics of windfarm development are examined and the role of alternative policy instruments analyzed. Major constraints to wind technology development are identified and relevant policy recommendations suggested.     

Trace metal distribution in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding coastal area, South China

Surface sediments and sediment cores collected at the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and its surrounding coastal area were analysed for total metal concentrations, chemical partitioning, and Pb isotopic compositions. The distribution of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn demonstrated a typical diffusion pattern from the land to the direction of the sea. Two hotspots of trace metal contamination were located at the mixed zone between freshwater and marine waters. The enrichment of metals in the sediments could be attributed to the deposition of the dissolved and particulate trace metals in the water column at the estuarine area. The similar Pb isotopic signatures of the sediments at the PRE and its surrounding coastal area offered strong evidence that the PRE was a major source of trace metals to the adjacent coastal area. Slightly lower (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios in the coastal sediments may indicate other inputs of Pb in addition to the PRE sources, including the inputs from Hong Kong and other parts of the region.     

超声处理对活性污泥系统污泥减量效果的研究

在活性污泥系统采用超声波处理剩余污泥以考察污泥减量效果及其对系统处理效果的影响.结果表明：在声能密度0.25～0.50 W/mL范围内,经过1～30 min的超声波处理,系统表观产率显著下降,剩余污泥的产量可以减少20%～50%左右.同时发现,污泥的沉降性能指标SVI有所下降,而污泥的稳定性有所提高,活性污泥系统的出水水质略有不同程度的下降.     

青海瓦里关大气中多环芳烃的研究

2005年4月2日～5月23日,对瓦里关大气中的气相和颗粒相多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了连续观测.结果表明,总PAHs浓度为7.43～29.96ng/m³,气相PAHs的浓度为7.01～26.10ng/m³,颗粒相PAHs的浓度为0.28～7.84ng/m³,气相中PAHs占总浓度的66.5%～98.8%.气粒分配系数(K_p)与过冷饱和蒸汽压(PL0)呈良好相关性(R₂=0.67～0.92),斜率(mr)均>-1.瓦里关大气中PAHs的浓度受温度、风速、大气逆温层、大气长距离迁移等因素的影响.     

香港维多利亚港和珠江广州河段水体中抗生素的含量特征及其季节变化

采用固相萃取、液相色谱/串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)分析香港维多利亚港(维港)与珠江广州河段水体中9种典型抗生素药物含量.结果表明,在维港海水中,只检出较低含量的氟喹诺酮和大环内酯类抗生素;无论是在枯季(3月)还是洪季(6月),珠江广州河段河水中各种抗生素(阿莫西林除外)均可检出,而且含量较高(分别在70～489 ng·L^-1和13～69 ng·L^-1之间),其含量水平明显高于美、欧等国河流中相应污染物的含量,其中红霉素、磺胺嘧啶等与国外污水处理厂所检出的含量水平相当.数据也表明,河水中抗生素含量水平受季节和水量变化的影响很大,枯季河水中抗生素含量明显高于洪季.与枯季相比,洪季河水中药物含量具有明显的日变化.     

珠江三角洲河流和珠江口表层沉积物中有机污染物研究——多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分布及特征

参照美国ＥＰＡ８０００系列方法及质量保证和质量控制，对江三角洲河流和珠江口的表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药进行了分析。结果表明，珠江广州河段及澳门内港的ＰＡＨｓ和有机氯农药含量最高；进入狮子洋水道后，污染物的含量显著减少；珠江口西岩污染物的含量高于东岸；西江表层沉积物中优控制ＰＡＨｓ的含量相对较高。对多环芳烃的来源也作了初步探讨。     

锡矿尾矿库土壤-食用马铃薯和豌豆中重金属污染状况

通过对云南个旧锡矿尾矿库土壤和作物中重金属含量分布特征的初步研究,结果表明尾矿库内作物的根际土壤中Pb、As和Cu含量严重超过国家土壤二级标准(GB15168-1995),污染指数分别为41-49、158-173和22-29,均属重度污染.生长在尾矿库内的作物也受到重金属的不同程度污染,马铃薯(Solanaceae Solanum Tuberosum)和豌豆(Pisum Sativum Linn)的食用部分Pb、As和Cu的含量与国家食品卫生标准上限值相比.高达152和38.5倍、17.4和1.2倍、2和0.95倍.尽管土壤中Sn含量很高,但作物中Sn含量正常,表明Sn未通过土壤-作物系统而进入矿区食物链中.因此应根据尾矿库中土壤的重金属地球化学分布特征.对其进行针对性地修复,避免在尾矿库内种植作物以减少矿区重金属污染在食物链中的扩散.     

Pesticide contamination profiles of water, sediment and aquatic organisms in the effluent of Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, including DDT, HCH and HCB) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) were measured in water, sediment, zooplankton, fish and Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) from Gaobeidian Lake, which is located in the effluent of Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing, China. DDTs were dominant except for in water. In water, the concentrations of DDTs (6.22 ng l(-1)) and HCHs (18.0 ng l(-1)) were less than the limits (l000 ng l(-1) for DDTs and 5000 ng l(-1) for HCHs). However, PCBs concentration (20.8 ng l(-1)) exceeded the limit (14 ng l(-1)) suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The high ratio of p,p'-DDT/DDTs (0.80) in water suggested that DDTs had recently been discharged into the ambient environment despite a longtime ban in China. For fish and Pelodiscus sinensis, the accumulation patterns of OCPs and PCBs were different in muscle and liver. And HCB and PCB 153 were significant different in different species (p<0.05). PCBs were dominated by PCB 52 in zooplankton, but by PCB 138 and 153 in Pelodiscus sinensis. The highest food web magnification factor (FWMF) was 4.83 for p,p'-DDT and the second highest was 4.36 for PCB 101 in Gaobeidian Lake. As compared with the other studies, biomagnification in the present study was not obvious. Trophic levels and age were two important factors that might contribute to the bioaccumulation in the present study.