中国节能减排的压力与对策

本文分析了我国节能减排的困境与压力,研究提出了推动中国制造到中国设计的转变,实施名牌战略,开征碳转移税,完善指标体系,端正政绩观,全民总动员等节能减排措施。     

新型复合絮凝剂去除生活污水中COD的效果研究

采用絮凝沉淀法处理生活污水中的COD,考察了复合絮凝剂APAC中铝与凹凸棒质量配比、盐基度、污水pH值及复合絮凝剂投加量对除COD效果的影响。实验结果表明:将盐基度为80%的APAC絮凝剂配成2g/L的液体,在m(铝):m(凹凸棒)为2:1、投加量为8 mL~10 mL、污水pH值为4~12的优化条件下,对实际生活污水中COD的去除率高于60%,出水中COD含量低于140 mg/L。同时比较了在相同试验条件下复合絮凝剂与PAC絮凝剂对实际污水的去除COD效果,结果表明,APAC的净水效果明显优于PAC。     

扎龙湿地表层沉积物多环芳烃的污染特征研究

利用索氏抽提、硅胶氧化铝净化和GC-MS定性和定量的方法研究了黑龙江省扎龙湿地12个表层沉积物中15种优控PAHs的环境行为,目的是阐明扎龙湿地表层沉积物中PAHs的污染水平、组成特征、污染来源和途径,评价PAHs对扎龙湿地水生生物的生态风险.结果表明,15种PAHs的总含量（干重）范围在31.9～290 ng/g之间...     

Combined application of QEM-SEM and hard X-ray microscopy to determine mineralogical associations and chemical speciation of trace metals

We describe the application of quantitative evaluation of mineralogy by scanning electron microscopy in combination with techniques commonly available at hard X-ray microprobes to define the mineralogical environment of a bauxite residue core segment with the more specific aim of determining the speciation of trace metals (e.g., Ti, V, Cr, and Mn) within the mineral matrix. Successful trace metal speciation in heterogeneous matrices, such as those encountered in soils or mineral residues, relies on a combination of techniques including spectroscopy, microscopy, diffraction, and wet chemical and physical experiments. Of substantial interest is the ability to define the mineralogy of a sample to infer redox behavior, pH buffering, and mineral-water interfaces that are likely to interact with trace metals through adsorption, coprecipitation, dissolution, or electron transfer reactions. Quantitative evaluation of mineralogy by scanning electron microscopy coupled with micro-focused X-ray diffraction, micro-X-ray fluorescence, and micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure (mXANES) spectroscopy provided detailed insights into the composition of mineral assemblages and their effect on trace metal speciation during this investigation. In the sample investigated, titanium occurs as poorly ordered ilmenite, as rutile, and is substituted in iron oxides. Manganese's spatial correlation to Ti is closely linked to ilmenite, where it appears to substitute for Fe and Ti in the ilmenite structure based on its mXANES signature. Vanadium is associated with ilmenite and goethite but always assumes the +4 oxidation state, whereas chromium is predominantly in the +3 oxidation state and solely associated with iron oxides (goethite and hematite) and appears to substitute for Fe in the goethite structure.     

Synthesis of a highly recoverable 3D MnO2/rGO hybrid aerogel for efficient adsorptive separation of pharmaceutical residue

Water contamination by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as acetaminophen, is an emerging ecological concern. In this study, a new three-dimensional manganese dioxide-engrafted reduced graphene oxide (3D MnO₂/rGO) hybrid aerogel was developed for acetaminophen sequestration. The synthesis involved firstly the self-assembly of GO aerogel, followed by thermal reduction and in-situ MnO₂ growth by redox-reaction. The aerogel demonstrated interlinked planes with smooth surfaces deposited with MnO₂ nanospheres and pores of 138.4 – 235.3 µm width. The influences of adsorbent dosage, initial pH, acetaminophen concentration, temperature and contact time were investigated. It was determined that the adsorption of acetaminophen occurred on uniform sorption sites in the aerogel, as suggested by the best fit of data to the Langmuir isotherm, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 252.87 mg/g. This highest adsorption performance of the 3D MnO₂/rGO aerogel was attained at a dosage of 0.6 g/L, initial pH of 6.2 and temperature of 40°C. The process kinetics were in-line with the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics at 10 and 20 – 500 mg/L concentrations, respectively. Thermodynamic assay showed the spontaneity and endothermicity features of the 3D MnO₂/rGO-acetaminophen system. The acetaminophen adsorption mechanisms were mainly hydrogen bonding and pore entrapment. Moreover, the as-synthesised aerogel was effectively regenerated using acetone and re-utilised in four adsorption-desorption cycles. Overall, the results highly recommend the implementation of the 3D MnO₂/rGO hybrid aerogel for purification of wastewater polluted by acetaminophen residue.     

Evaluation of toxic effects induced by arsenic trioxide or/and antimony on autophagy and apoptosis in testis of adult mice

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Arsenic trioxide (ATO) and antimony (Sb) are well-known ubiquitous environmental contaminants and cause unpromising male reproductive effects in...     

医疗废物焚烧炉运行前后5年周边土壤重金属对比分析研究

为研究医疗废物焚烧炉对周边土壤中重金属含量的影响,对某典型焚烧厂周围土壤进行了运行前和运行5年(2007—2012年)后重金属含量的采样分析研究.共采集20个土壤样品、2个飞灰样品,并对其中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、锑(Sb)、钒(V)、锌(Zn)共10种重金属的含量进行了测定.结果显示,除Pb外,其余金属元素含量都有不同程度的升高.主成分分析表明,医疗废物焚烧厂并不是该区域土壤中重金属的唯一污染来源,还存在其它潜在污染源.健康风险评估结果显示,砷(As)在非致癌及致癌风险评估中都明显超标,必须严格控制砷排放,降低砷在环境中的含量.     

Seasonal dynamics of water bloom-forming Microcystis morphospecies and the associated extracellular microcystin concentrations in large, shallow, eutrophic Dianchi Lake

The increasing occurrence of Microcystis blooms is of great concern to public health and ecosystem due to the potential hepatotoxic microcystins （MCs） produced by these colonial cyanobacteria. In order to interpret the relationships between variations of Microcyst/s morphospedes and extracellular MC concentrations, the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community composition, MC concentrations, and environmental parameters were monitored monthly from August, 2009 to July, 2010. The results indicated that Microcystis dominated total phytoplankton abundance from May to December （96%--99% of total biovolume）, with toxic Microcystis viridis and non-toxic Microcystis wesenbergii dominating after July （constituting 65%- 95% of the Microcystis population）, followed by M. viridis as the sole dominant species from November to January （49%--93%）. Correlation analysis revealed that water temperature and nutrient were the most important variables accounting for the occurrence ofM. wesenbergii, while the dominance ofM. viridis was related with nitrite and nitrate. The relatively low content of MCs was explained by the association with a large proportion of M. viriclis and M. wesenbergii, small colony size of Microcystis populations, and low water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The extracellular MC （mean of 0.5 ± 0.2 μg/L） of water samples analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） demonstrated the low concentrations of MC in Dianchi Lake which implied the low potential risk for human health in the basin. The survey provides the first whole lake study of the occurrence and seasonal variability of Microcyst/s population and     

环境监测质量管理与可持续发展的建议与对策

环境监测的主要工作方向即社会环境服务,进行环境监测的主要目的就是提高环境质量,从而提高人民的生活质量。但在实际工作中,环境监测质量管理还在存在一定问题,因此要遵循以人为本的原则,及时更新监测设备与技术,进一步完善管理制度,创新质量管理体系,实现环境监测质量管理的可持续发展。本文就针对该问题展开讨论。     

中国8个城市大气多溴联苯醚的污染特征及人体暴露水平

利用大流量采样器采集了我国东西部地区8个城市的大气气相和颗粒相样品,分析了样品中8种多溴联苯醚.结果表明,气相中以BDE-28(三溴组分)浓度最高[(6.25±4.95)pg·m~(-3)]不同于以往研究中BDE-99和-47为气相中优势同系物单体;颗粒相中则以BDE-209浓度最高[(25.4±124)pg·m~(-3)].北京和广州这两个大型城市的大气PBDEs浓度较高,尤其是广州的颗粒相BDE-209浓度,比其他城市的浓度高两个数量级.与早期的观测结果相比,我国城市大气PBDEs浓度呈普遍的下降趋势.同时,对比发现气相浓度下降较慢,颗粒相浓度下降较快,结合相关性分析结果,这一现象可能与工业五溴和八溴联苯醚的停产禁用高溴组分的光降解及城市大气颗粒物浓度的降低有关.城市婴幼儿的吸入暴露量约为成人的2~3倍,反映出城市大气PBDEs对城镇居民尤其是婴幼儿的潜在健康危害仍不容忽略.