典型抗生素类药物在城市污水处理厂中的含量水平及其行为特征

采用固相萃取、液相色谱/串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）法研究了8种常用抗生素（包括喹诺酮类、磺胺类、大环内酯类和氯霉素）在城市污水处理厂中的含量水平、去除特点及其行为特征.结果显示,药物的检出率和含量水平均高于美国及欧洲等国家.氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、红霉素（脱水）、罗红霉素和磺胺甲唑5种抗生素在4家污水厂(香港2家,广州2家)中都有检出,进水和出水中的含量范围分别在16～1 987 ng·L^-1和16～2 054 ng·L^-1之间.其它3种抗生素仅在某些污水厂中有检出.抗生素在污水处理厂中不能被完全去除,最高去除率为81％.5种高检出率药物在污水厂中每日的环境排放量（包括污水和污泥中含量）在0.5～828 g·d^-1之间.计算结果表明,广州和香港地区的每人日消费量有较大差异,广州地区要明显高于香港地区,特别是大环内酯类药物.     

Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl River Delta,China: an overview

In the Pearl River Delta of China, the rapidly developing industrial and agricultural activities, municipal development and use of chemicals caused serious environmental problems. This report summarizes the published scientific data on POPs in the environment of the Pearl River Delta, including the levels of POPs in the air, water, soil, river and estuarine sediments, the marine organisms like fish and shellfish in this region. The data preliminarily reveal the state of contamination in this region and give insight into the fate of POPs in this sub-tropical area. However, most research in this area is limited to a few kinds of POP compounds.     

Optimization of an effective extraction procedure for the analysis of microcystins in soils and lake sediments

Microcystin analysis in sediments and soils is considered very difficult due to low recovery for extraction. This is the primary limiting factor for understanding the fate of toxins in the interface between water and sediment in both the aquatic ecosystem as well as in soils. In the present study, a wide range of extraction solvents were evaluated over a wide range of pH, extraction approaches and equilibration time to optimize an effective extraction procedure for the analysis of microcystins in soils and lake sediments. The number of extractions required and acids in extraction solutions were also studied. In this procedure, EDTA-sodium pyrophosphate solution was selected as an extraction solvent based on the adsorption mechanism study. The optimized procedure proved to be highly efficient and achieved over 90% recovery. Finally, the developed procedure was applied to field soil and sediment sample collected from Chinese lakes during bloom seasons and microcystins were determined in six of ten samples.     

Characterization and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and vegetations near an electronic waste recycling site, South China

This study aimed at identifying the levels of PCBs generated from e-waste recycling, and their potential impacts on the soils and vegetations as well. The ΣPCBs concentrations in soil and plant samples ranged from 7.4 to 4000 ng g(-1) and from 6.7 to 1500 ng g(-1), respectively. For the plant samples, Chrysanthemum coronarium L. from vegetable field and the wild plant Bidens pilosa L. from the burning site showed relatively higher PCB concentrations than other species. For the soil samples, the e-waste burning site had relatively higher PCB concentrations than the adjacent areas, and vegetable soils had higher PCB concentrations than paddy soils. The PCB concentrations showed a clear decreasing trend with the increasing distance from the e-waste recycling site. PCB 28, 99, 101, 138, 153, and 180 were the predominant congeners. Principal component analysis results showed a potential fractionation of PCB compositions from the burning site to the surroundings. The PCB congener pattern at the burning site was similar to Arochlor 1260, pointing to an input of non-domestic e-waste. Similar PCB congeners were found in soils and related vegetables, indicating they derived from the same source. The consumption of vegetables grown in soils near e-waste recycling sites should be strictly avoided due to the high PCBs in the plant tissues.     

珠江口及南海北部近海海域大气有机氯农药分布特征与来源

分冬、春航次采集了珠江口及南海北部近海海域大气样品,同时以广州和中山作为陆基对照点,对大气中的有机氯农药（OCPs）进行了系统分析.结果表明,大气中的有机氯农药主要为HCHs、DDTs和氯丹,其含量范围分别为 13～99、 73～390、 63～224 pg/m³（冬季航次）和10～106、 429～1 003、 1 724～9 638 pg/m³（春季航次）.总体而言,春季航次期间的大气OCPs含量普遍高于冬季航次.研究发现,珠江口及南海近海海域大气OCPs主要受控于陆源污染的影响,呈现近陆点高和远陆点低的特点.大气中 α-HCH的含量已显著降低,而高含量 γ-HCH的检出与林丹的继续使用有关,“新”DDT的污染主要来自三氯杀螨醇的生产和使用以及船舶防污油漆中使用的滴滴涕.春季航次期间大气氯丹含量的高值,源于白蚁高发期氯丹的大量使用以及来自西太平洋地区的大气长距离输送.     

湖南省长株潭城市群环境空气质量易超标指标变化规律研究

根据长株潭24个环境空气质量监测国控点数据,分析了CO、SO2、NO2、O3、PM10和PM2.5常规六项污染物不同月份的变化规律,并对首要污染物O3和PM2.5不同时期、不同时段的变化规律以及达标状况进行了分析。研究结果表明:PM2.5和O3浓度的季节性变化大,O3浓度夏季高、冬季低,PM2.5则正好相反;在一天当中,昼间的PM2.5浓度低于夜间;在城市之间,长沙市PM2.5的日均浓度和O3浓度明显高于株洲和湘潭市。上述结论将为制定相应的防治措施提供参考依据。     

日本净化槽技术在农村生活污水处理中的应用

引进日本净化槽技术在中国浙江农村污水处理中应用,探索净化槽技术在浙江农村地区的推广应用前景。膜式净化槽污水处理系统应用先进的浸没式平板膜组件,采用MBR工艺,实现对污水中有机物、氮和磷营养盐类的有效去除。正常工况条件下,监测结果表明,处理系统对COD、BOD5、氨氮、总磷和悬浮物的平均去除率分别为83.64%、84.46%、97.94%、94.13%和93.95%。膜式净化槽系统处理出水水质好且稳定,可直接回用,适宜对水质要求较高和经济条件较好的地区选用。今后在中国农村推广应用净化槽,需加强维护管理制度建设。     

复合耐盐微生物菌剂强化MBBR工艺处理高盐废水

在移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)中接种SEM复合耐盐微生物菌剂,研究5％ ～ 10％盐度条件下悬浮填料的挂膜启动及其对高盐废水的强化处理效果.实验结果表明,MBBR在高盐环境下能够顺利挂膜,其挂膜效果受盐度及无机盐种类的影响:较高盐度下成功挂膜所需的周期更长,同一盐度下NaCl体系挂膜效果优于Na2SO4体系.MBBR处理羧甲基纤维素生产废水效果优于活性污泥法:进水盐浓度均为5％～7％,当进水COD 5 343 mg/L时,MBBR出水COD小于300mg/L,经絮凝后低于100 mg/L,容积负荷高达2.67 kg COD/(m3·d),而活性污泥法在进水COD 3 563 mg/L时,出水COD小于400 mg/L,经絮凝后低于150 mg/L,容积负荷仅为1.68 kg COD/(m3·d).MBBR生物膜处理体系稳定性及去除能力更高,能够抵抗较高盐度范围波动、有机负荷等的冲击.     

高氨氮污泥脱水液短程硝化反硝化的启动及稳定

采用A/O-CSTR工艺处理高氨氮污泥脱水液。进水氨氮浓度浓度约为375 mg/L,C/N比小于1.0,反硝化碳源明显不足。A/O反应器完成短程硝化反应,CSTR定期投加初沉污泥作为碳源进行反硝化。两者联合达到总氮去除的目的。实验研究短程硝化反应的启动过程,以及CSTR出水回流对短程硝化和系统脱氮效果的影响。实验结果表明系统具有良好的硝化反硝化效果。A/O反应器亚硝酸盐积累率迅速提高并稳定在90%以上。CSTR有效利用初沉污泥实现了稳定的反硝化。出水回流有利于提高总氮去除率,在回流比为200%时,系统平均总氮去除率达到85%以上。     

响应面法优化TiO2纳米管光电极制备及光电催化性能研究

为了探究采用阳极氧化法制备的TiO₂-NTs（TiO₂纳米管）光电极的光电催化性能,以单因素法考察了φ（H₂O）、w（氟化铵）、氧化温度和氧化时间4个因素对其光电催化性能的影响,并采用Box-Behnken模型的PSM（响应面法）对TiO₂-NTs的制备条件进行优化,进一步通过SEM（扫描电子显微镜）、XRD（X射线衍射）对TiO₂-NTs进行表征,研究了其在紫外光下对亚甲基蓝的光电催化效果.结果表明:①应用Box-Behnken模型可知,TiO₂-NTs最佳制备条件为φ（H₂O）43%、w（氟化铵）0.5%、氧化温度38℃、氧化时间1.72 h.此条件下制备的TiO₂纳米管光电极2 h处理亚甲基蓝的降解效率预测值为73.53%,对其光电催化能力进行验证,实际处理效率为73.2%,误差率仅为0.4%.②φ（H₂O）和w（氟化铵）对TiO₂-NTs光电极催化活性有显著影响.③SEM、XRD分析显示,TiO₂具有管状结构且分布均匀,经测量纳米管管径约为61.30~118.00 nm,平均值为83.99 nm,管壁为19.08 nm,同时部分锐钛矿相转变成金红石相.研究显示,TiO₂-NTs对亚甲基蓝有良好的光电催化效果.