建筑涂料生产废水的处理技术

采用混凝沉淀-芬顿试剂催化氧化-活性炭吸附工艺对建筑涂料生产废水的处理进行了研究。用硫酸铝作混凝剂,投加量为500mg/L:芬顿试剂法处理的废水pH为6.0,H2O2/COD值为4.0,FeSO4投加量为1540mg/L,氧化反应时间大于4h;活性炭投加量为0.2g/L时,处理后出水COD小于100mg/L。     

Control strategies for vehicular NOx emissions in Guangzhou, China

Guangzhou is a city in southern China that has experienced very rapid economic development in recent years. The city's air has very high concentrations of various pollutants, including sulphur dioxide (SO₂), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), ozone (O₃) and particulate. This paper reviews the changes in air quality in the city over the past 15 years, and notes that a serious vehicular-related emissions problem has been superimposed on the traditional coal-burning problem evident in most Chinese cities. As NOx concentrations have increased, oxidants and photochemical smog now interact with the traditional SO₂ and particulate pollutants, leading to increased health risks and other environmental concerns.
Any responsible NOx control strategy for the city must include vehicle emission control measures. This paper reviews control strategies designed to abate vehicle emissions to fulfill the city's air quality improvement target in 2010. A cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that, while NOx emission control is expensive, vehicular emission standards could achieve a relatively sizable emissions reduction at reasonable cost. To achieve the 2010 air quality target of NOx, advanced implementation of EURO3 standards is recommended, substituting for the EURO2 currently envisioned in the national regulations. Related technical options, including fuel quality improvements and inspection/maintenance (I/M) upgrades (ASM or IM240), are assessed as well.     

三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯对大鼠的神经毒性效应

考察三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TDCPP)对大鼠神经系统的毒性效应及其毒性机制,为有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)对哺乳动物神经毒性及其临床防治提供基础数据和科学依据。以Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠为受试生物,将TDCPP溶于橄榄油配制不同染毒剂量(125、250和500 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))进行灌胃处理,溶剂对照组以相同体积的橄榄油进行灌胃,空白对照组不做任何处理,染毒周期为12周。结果表明,溶剂对照组和空白对照组的各项检测指标均无显著性差别(P0.05)。TDCPP染毒组与对照组之间的差异主要表现为(1)体重变化:染毒期间,TDCPP处理组大鼠的体重与对照组相比有下降的趋势,在第12周中剂量染毒组和高剂量染毒组大鼠体重均显著性低于对照组(P0.05);(2)行为学实验:Morris水迷宫实验结果表明,高剂量的TDCPP对大鼠的空间学习记忆能力造成影响,主要表现为在定位航行实验中,高剂量染毒组大鼠的逃避潜伏期显著性高于对照组和低剂量染毒组(P0.05),而在空间探索实验中,高剂量染毒组大鼠在目标象限停留时间显著性低于对照组(P0.05);(3)生化指标检测:各组间纹状体内多巴胺(DA)含量并无显著性差异(P 0.05),染毒组乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)活性与对照组相比显著性降低(P0.01)且具有剂量依赖性,高剂量染毒组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著性降低,高剂量和中剂量染毒组谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著性降低(P0.05),这表明TDCPP对大鼠脑组织造成了氧化损伤,TDCPP染毒组脑组织的炎症因子(TNF-α)水平均高于对照组,且中剂量与高剂量染毒组TNF-α含量显著性高于对照组(P0.05),揭示TDCPP能引起大鼠脑部的炎症反应,对脑组织造成损伤;(4)纹状体超微结构:电镜结果表明,TDCPP可导致纹状体细胞受到损伤,主要表现为细胞核固缩、线粒体损伤和突触间隙减小。研究表明,TDCPP可引起大鼠体重明显下降,导致大鼠神经细胞损伤,行为改变,抑制ACh E、SOD活性及GSH含量,使炎症介质增高,引起大鼠脑组织的氧化损伤和炎症反应。     

内质网应激在不同钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用

为探讨内质网应激在不同饲料钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用,选用SD雌性大鼠75只,雄性大鼠25只,雌鼠随机分为对照组(DZ)、染氟组(RF)、低钙组(LG)、染氟低钙组(LF)和染氟高钙组(HF)。雌鼠染毒3个月,交配产仔,检测胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠脑海马内质网应激伴侣分子BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平。结果显示,与DZ组比,胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠RF组、LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠RF组BIP、CHOP蛋白表达显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),CRT蛋白表达升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。与RF组比,胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠BIP、CHOP蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。研究表明,内质网应激可能参与了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑损伤,高钙饲料可缓解母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞的损伤,低钙饲料则进一步加剧了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞损伤。     

G-CNTs/PVDF mixed matrix membranes with improved antifouling properties and filtration performance

A novel nanocomposite OMWCNT-A-GO was synthesized by conjugating OMWCNT and GO. The P-OMWCNT-A-GO membrane was fabricated by non-solvent induced phase inversion. The P-OMWCNT-A-GO exhibits the best water flux, BSA rejection and flux recovery. It should be due to the enhanced membrane pore size, porosity and hydrophilicity. Although carbon nanomaterials have been widely used as effective nanofillers for fabrication of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with outstanding performances, the reproducibility of the fabricated MMMs is still hindered by the non-homogenous dispersion of these carbon nanofillers in membrane substrate. Herein, we report an effective way to improve the compatibility of carbon-based nanomaterials with membrane matrixes. By chemically conjugating the oxidized CNTs (o-CNTs) and GO using hexanediamine as cross-linker, a novel carbon nanohybrid material (G-CNTs) was synthesized, which inherited both the advanced properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO). The G-CNTs incorporated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) MMMs (G-CNTs/PVDF) were fabricated via a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The filtration and antifouling performances of G-CNTs/PVDF were evaluated using distillate water and a 1 g/L bovine serum albumin (BSA) aqueous solution under 0.10 MPa. Compared to the MMMs prepared with o-CNTs, GO, the physical mixture of o-CNTs and GO and pure PVDF membrane, the G-CNTs/PVDF membrane exhibited the highest water flux up to 220 L/m²/h and a flux recovery ratio as high as 90%, as well as the best BSA rejection rate. The excellent performances should be attributed to the increased membrane pore size, porosity and hydrophilicity of the resulted membrane. The successful synthesis of the novel nanohybrid G-CNTs provides a new type of nanofillers for MMMs fabrication.     

沉水植物轮叶黑藻附生细菌对双酚A的降解能力研究

沉水植物附生细菌可能具有降解转化水体中双酚A（BPA）能力从而影响该污染物在环境中的归趋.以轮叶黑藻为代表,分离筛选其BPA降解附生菌,结果共获得22株,在接种量为1×10⁸个/mL,37℃下72h对BPA的去除率为11.46%~25.06%.选择降解率最高的3株细菌B12、B14和B23,采用16S rDNA鉴定,结合生理生化反应和形态观察,3株细菌分别为属于Lysinibacillus sp.（杆菌属）,Brevibacterium sp.（短杆菌属）和Ochrobactrum sp.（苍白杆菌属）.将3株菌株添加至轮叶黑藻无菌苗体系中,发现BPA去除率显著下降（P<0.05）.物理去除部分野生轮叶黑藻表面部分附生细菌后,BPA去除率反而上升（约5%）.综合本研究结果,沉水植物附生细菌具有降解BPA的能力,但在沉水植物-附生生物体系去除BPA过程中贡献较小（约为23%,2d）,植物本身起关键作用.     

模糊多属性决策在垃圾卫生填埋场选址中的应用

根据垃圾卫生填埋场选址的影响因素及其权重具有模糊性的特点,提出采用模糊多属性决策方法来解决垃圾卫生填埋场选址的问题。本文在分析垃圾卫生填埋场选址的主要影响因素的基础上,阐述了采用模糊多属性决策进行填埋场场址优选的思路、原理和方法,并通过具体算例证明了该法应用于填埋场选址的可行性与合理性。     

内电解-厌氧-好氧工艺处理高浓度糠醛废水

介绍了内电解厌氧好氧工艺处理糠醛生产废水的工程应用。运行结果表明,糠醛废水经处理后,COD的总去除率达到96%以上,出水pH6~9,符合国家《污水综合排放标准》(8978- 1996)中二级排放标准的要求。     

SBR法处理垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液的实验研究

采用SBR渐减曝气工艺处理模拟城市生活垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液,实验研究了反应器运行条件与出水水质的关系及有机碳的转移规律。研究结果表明新鲜渗滤液经24h曝气处理后,出水COD浓度约为500mg/L,BOD5/COD降为014左右;出水COD浓度与容积负荷无明显相关性;COD去除率与容积负荷呈正比,并在容积负荷为50kgCOD/m3·d时达到最高,约95%;去除的有机碳气相转化率与容积负荷呈正比,在容积负荷为50kgCOD/m3·d时,有机碳气相转化率接近100%;该系统最高容积负荷为50kgCOD/m3·d,相应的污泥浓度(以混合液悬浮性挥发固体(MLVSS)计)为712g/L。     

应用大气扩散模式进行区域稻田甲烷源强估算

传统通量箱方法对区域稻田甲烷源强的估算具有很大不确定性 .本研究应用箱模式和 ATDL模式估算区域稻田甲烷排放率 .箱模式和 ATDL模式估算排放率分别为 :6月 13.2～ 30.4mg· (m²·h)^-1 和 6.1～ 8.5mg·(m²·h)^-1,9月 10.4～20.0 mg·(m²·h)^-1 和 5.5～9.3mg·(m²·h)^-1;而传统通量箱方法估算排放率为 :6月 0.3～ 14.3mg·(m²·h)^-1 ,9月 0～0.3mg·(m²·h)^-1.分析表明 ,北京地区水稻生长季的接地逆温等不利气象条件使箱模式应用的基本假设难以满足 ,使之得出偏高的估算结果 . ATDL模式能较好地适应这种不利气象条件 ,并在 6月得出了与通量观测结果相近的估算结果 ,而其 9月高于通量观测结果的估算 ,却可能证实了通量箱方法难以测得的干旱稻田土壤裂缝的甲烷排放 ,有待于进一步研究证实 .