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41.
Hiroyuki Saito Miho Toho Tomoyuki Tanaka Mamoru Noda 《Food and environmental virology》2015,7(3):239-248
Various methods to detect foodborne viruses including norovirus (NoV) in contaminated food have been developed. However, a practical method suitable for routine examination that can be applied for the detection of NoVs in oily, fatty, or emulsive food has not been established. In this study, we developed a new extraction and concentration method for detecting NoVs in contaminated composite meals. We spiked NoV-GI.4 or -GII.4 stool suspension into potato salad and stir-fried noodles. The food samples were suspended in homogenizing buffer and centrifuged to obtain a food emulsion. Then, anti-NoV-GI.4 or anti-NoV-GII.4 rabbit serum raised against recombinant virus-like particles or commercially available human gamma globulin and Staphylococcus aureus fixed with formalin as a source of protein A were added to the food emulsion. NoV-IgG-protein A-containing bacterial complexes were collected by centrifugation, and viral RNA was extracted. The detection limits of NoV RNA were 10–35 copies/g food for spiked NoVs in potato salad and stir-fried noodles. Human gamma globulin could also concentrate other NoV genotypes as well as other foodborne viruses, including sapovirus, hepatitis A virus, and adenovirus. This newly developed method can be used as to identify NoV contamination in composite foods and is also possibly applicable to other foodborne viruses. 相似文献
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Microbial Poly(L-Lactide)-Degrading Enzyme Induced by Amino Acids, Peptides, and Poly(L-Amino Acids)
Amnat Jarerat Yutaka Tokiwa Hideo Tanaka 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2004,12(3):139-146
Poly(L-lactide)(PLA)-degrading activities of a fungus, Tritirachium album, and two strains of actinomycetes,Lentzea waywayandensis and Amycolatopsis orientalis, were inducible by some proteins (poly-L-amino acid), peptides and amino acids. Extracellular PLA-degrading activity of the culture filtrates was detected when these strains grew in liquid basal medium containing 0.1% (w/v) of (poly-L-amino acids), peptides or amino acids as the enzyme inducer. In addition to PLA-degrading activity, succinyl-(L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine)-p-nitroanilide (Suc-(Ala)3-pNA)-degrading activity was observed, implying that the enzymes produced were protease-type. The enzyme activities produced varied between different strains and different inducers. Silk fibroin was the best inducer for A. orientalis and that elastin was the best inducer for L. waywayandensis and T. album. 相似文献
47.
Saito K Takekuma M Ogawa M Kobayashi S Sugawara Y Ishizuka M Nakazawa H Matsuki Y 《Chemosphere》2003,53(2):137-142
A simple and rapid method for the extraction and cleanup of dioxins from house dust was developed using an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method and a multi-layer silica-gel cartridge. It was found that the WHO-TEQ levels of dioxins extracted from the house dust obtained by both a conventional soxhlet extraction and the ASE were almost equal, when the data obtained by both methods were compared. As for the cleanup method, a multi-layer silica-gel cartridge yielded higher dioxin recoveries than the alkaline digestion method. The average values of the dioxins in house dust from Kumagaya city and Sendai city in Japan (Sendai city is bigger than Kumagaya city with respect to the population and industry), were 15.6 pg TEQ/g (8.6-26.0 pg TEQ/g, n=5, Kumagaya city) and 16.0 pg TEQ/g (5.9-30.5 pg TEQ/g, n=5, Sendai city), respectively. 相似文献
48.
The utility of HPLC with a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) column for the fractionation of environmental samples was examined to expand the applicability of recombinant yeast assays (RYAs) for the measurement of estrogenic activity in environmental samples. The elution of steroidal hormone standards through SEC was tested, and river water and sediment samples were subjected to SEC fractionation. The retention times of all estrogen standards were longer than those of the major components with absorbance at 230 nm of the environmental sample matrix. The estrogenic activity of SEC fractions of environmental samples from highly polluted sites was measured using RYA and revealed the existence of estrogenic compounds that could not be detected or quantified in extracted samples before fractionation. The fractions from environmental samples that corresponded to the retention time of estrone, 17[small beta]-estradiol, and estriol were analyzed with LC/MS/MS. These three estrogens were separated into three different fractions, and the concentration of estrone coincided with the estrogenic activity of the fraction in which it was detected. The profile of estrogenic activity of SEC fractions indicated the molecular size of the estrogenic compounds and the yeast growth inhibitors in samples. 相似文献
49.
The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho PCBs), and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (mono-ortho PCBs) in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, body length 10.4-36.6 cm) collected from Sendai Bay, Japan, were determined using high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relationship between the concentrations of these compounds (dioxins) and the body length of the Japanese flounder was examined. The total PCDD and total PCDF concentrations did not correlate with body length (both r(2) < 0.1, both p > 0.05), whereas the total non-ortho PCB and total mono-ortho PCB (coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, Co-PCBs) concentrations were significantly correlated (r(2)= 0.8, p < 0.05 and r(2)= 0.63, p < 0.05, respectively). The bioaccumulation properties of PCDD/Fs in Japanese flounder differed from those of Co-PCBs. Toxicity equivalency quotient (TEQ) values derived from the Co-PCBs made up 46.3%-63.7% of the total TEQ value for all the dioxins. Although the concentrations of non-ortho PCBs were lower than those of mono-ortho PCBs, the TEQ value for non-ortho PCBs was higher than that for mono-ortho PCBs. The TEQ value for non-ortho PCBs increased more with increasing body length than did the values for PCDDs, PCDFs, and mono-ortho PCBs. These results show that from the standpoint of risk management, non-ortho Co-PCBs are the most important of the dioxins in Japanese flounder. 相似文献
50.
Relation between mechanochemical dechlorination rate of polyvinyl chloride and mill power consumption 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
William Tongamp Junya Kano Yuichiro Suzuta Fumio Saito Nickolas J. Themelis 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):32-37
A sample of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) powder was milled with CaO powder in a planetary mill for various mill operational parameters.
The milled product consisted of dechlorinated hydrocarbon and water-soluble CaOHCl. The dechlorination rate of PVC was determined
by the concentration of Cl− ions measured in solution after dispersing the milled product in water. To evaluate the power consumption during PVC dechlorination,
the mill power consumption was measured during each experimental run. In addition, media motion during planetary milling was
simulated using the discrete element method (DEM), enabling calculation of the mill power consumption. The power consumption
calculated by the DEM simulation compared well with the power consumption measured experimentally. The dechlorination rate
correlated well with the specific mill power consumption, regardless of the sample weight. The dechlorination rate of PVC
when milled with oyster shells (CaCO3) was observed to be faster than that of the PVC/CaO system, and oyster shells could be used as a reactant for the treatment
of PVC wastes. This work should be useful for the design of a reactor for the dechlorination of PVC.
Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6 相似文献