崇明东滩沿海湿地生态系统健康评价

以生态系统健康及压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型作为研究方法，根据沿海湿地生态系统的特点，建立一套沿海湿地生态系统适用的健康评价指标体系。以现有研究数据和统计资料为基础，对长江口崇明东滩湿地进行单因子和综合评价，分别计算其健康度、压力综合指数和响应综合指数。揭示崇明东滩湿地的生态系统健康状况以及形成原因，并提出保护对策和可持续利用的相关建议。研究结果表明：①崇明东滩湿地生态系统的健康度、压力综合指数和响应综合指数分别为0．72、0．64和0．79，总体上仍处于一个较为健康的状态；②崇明东滩湿地生态系统目前的主要压力并不直接来源于土地围垦，而是来源于水环境污染和外来生物入侵。     

cfDNA screening and diagnosis of monogenic disorders – where are we heading?

Cell-free fetal DNA analysis for non-invasive prenatal screening of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy has been widely adopted for clinical use. Fetal monogenic diseases have also been shown to be amenable to non-invasive detection by maternal plasma DNA analysis. A number of recent technological developments in this area has increased the level of clinical interest, particularly as one approach does not require customized reagents per mutation. The mutational status of the fetus can be assessed by determining which parental haplotype that fetus has inherited based on the detection of haplotype-associated SNP alleles in maternal plasma. Such relative haplotype dosage analysis requires the input of the parental haplotype information for interpretation of the fetal inheritance pattern from the maternal plasma DNA data. The parental haplotype information can be obtained by direct means, reducing the need to infer haplotypes using DNA from other family members. The technique also allows the assessment of complex mutations and has multiplexing capabilities where a number of genes and mutations can be assessed at the same time. These advantages allow non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal monogenic diseases to be much more scalable. These applications may drive the next wave of clinical adoption of cell-free fetal DNA testing. © 2018 The Authors Prenatal Diagnosis Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

丹阳市沿江三镇经济与社会协调发展的实践与思考

江苏省丹阳市沿江毗邻的界牌、新桥、后巷三镇自1978年以来,坚持经济建设与资源开发、环境保护和社会事业并举,走出了一条农村经济与社会协调发展的新路子。十多年来,三镇经济规模不断扩大,村镇建设日新月异,人均耕地有增无减,资源得到综合利用,环境保护卓有成效,社会事业发展迅速,已具现代化雏形。三镇的实践给我们下了深刻的思考,即实现农村经济与社会协调发展必须加快科技进步、加速村镇建设、加强政府调控。     

Study on catalysts for combustion of lean CH_4

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Advances in emission control of diesel vehicles in China

Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China. Hence, the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard. To fulfill this stringent legislation, two major technical routes, including the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction (SCR) routes, have been developed for diesel engines. Moreover, complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed, including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for controlling carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, diesel particulate filter (DPF) for particle mass (PM) emission control, SCR for the control of NOx emission, and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) for the control of unreacted NH₃. Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard, the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system. In the future, aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.     

Recent advances and perspectives towards emission inventories of mobile sources: Compilation approaches, data acquisition methods, and case studies

In recent years, great efforts have been devoted to reducing emissions from mobile sources with the dramatic growth of motor vehicle and nonroad mobile source populations. Compilation of a mobile source emission inventory is conducive to the analysis of pollution emission characteristics and the formulation of emission reduction policies. This study summarizes the latest compilation approaches and data acquisition methods for mobile source emission inventories. For motor vehicles, a high-resolution emission inventory can be developed based on a bottom-up approach with a refined traffic flow model and real-world speed-coupled emission factors. The top-down approach has advantages when dealing with macroscale vehicle emission estimation without substantial traffic flow infrastructure. For nonroad mobile sources, nonroad machinery, inland river ships, locomotives, and civil aviation aircraft, a top-down approach based on fuel consumption or power is adopted. For ocean-going ships, a bottom-up approach based on automatic identification system (AIS) data is adopted. Three typical cases are studied, including emission reduction potential, a cost-benefit model, and marine shipping emission control. Outlooks and suggestions are given on future research directions for emission inventories for mobile sources: building localized emission models and factor databases, improving the dynamic updating capability of emission inventories, establishing a database of emission factors of unconventional pollutants and greenhouse gas from mobile sources, and establishing an urban high temporal-spatial resolution volatile organic compound (VOC) evaporation emission inventory.     

3种地被竹对重金属复合污染农田土壤的修复潜力

选用菲黄竹、箬竹和鹅毛竹这3种地被竹在Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb复合污染农田上进行为期2 a的田间试验,分析其在污染条件下的生长富集特征,并结合土壤中重金属含量变化情况,对比3种地被竹对重金属复合污染的修复潜力.结果表明,菲黄竹在重金属复合污染农田上适应性最好,生长株数为种植时的63.8倍.3种地被竹体内重金属含量均集中在根部,且对Cd的富集效果最好,对Pb的富集能力最差.3个竹种的根部和鞭部的Cd富集系数均远大于1,其中菲黄竹和箬竹根部富集系数分别为17.68和14.63.重金属累积量则主要集中在根部和鞭部,其中菲黄竹对Cu、Zn和Cd的累积量分别为157.14、363.3和7.18 g·hm^-2,高于鹅毛竹和箬竹.种植2 a后,地被竹周围表层土壤中重金属含量较种植前均有下降,其中Cd含量下降最多,为39.6%~40.4%.此外,菲黄竹和鹅毛竹根际土壤中Cu、Zn和Cd含量均显著小于表层土壤（P<0.05）.试验证明,3种地被竹对Cd均有较强富集能力,可作为Cd修复植物继续深入研究;菲黄竹在生长状况、重金属富集量和累积量等方面均优于箬竹和鹅毛竹,对土壤重金属复合污染修复潜力最高.     

Understanding primary and secondary sources of ambient oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Shenzhen utilizing photochemical age-based parameterization method

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) are key intermediates in the atmospheric photooxidation process. To further study the primary and secondary sources of OVOCs,their ambient levels were monitored using a proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer(PTR-MS) at an urban site in the Pearl River Delta of China. Continuous monitoring campaigns were conducted in the spring, summer, fall, and winter of 2016. Among the six types of OVOC species, the mean concentrations of methanol were the highest in each season(up to 13–20 ppbv), followed by those of acetone, acetaldehyde and acetic acid(approximately 2–4 ppbv), while those of formic acid and methyl ethyl ketone(MEK) were the lowest(approximately 1–2 ppbv). As observed from a diurnal variation chart, the OVOCs observed in Shenzhen may have been affected by numerous factors such as their primary and secondary sources and photochemical consumption. The photochemical age-based parameterization method was used to apportion the sources of ambient OVOCs. Methanol had significant anthropogenic primary sources but negligible anthropogenic secondary sources during all of the seasons. Acetone, MEK and acetic acid were mostly attributed to anthropogenic primary sources during each season with smaller contributions from anthropogenic secondary sources. Acetaldehyde had similar contributions from both anthropogenic secondary and anthropogenic primary sources throughout the year.Meanwhile, anthropogenic primary sources contributed the most to formic acid.     

Effects of redox potential on soil cadmium solubility: Insight into microbial community

Understanding the role of microbes in the solubility of cadmium (Cd) is of fundamental importance for remediation of Cd toxicity. The present study aimed to identify the microbes that involved in regulating Cd solubility and to reveal possible mechanisms. Therefore, microbial communities were investigated through high-throughput sequencing approach, the molecular ecological network was constructed and metagenomes were predicted. Our results indicated that redox conditions affected both the solubility of soil Cd and the microbial communities. Anaerobic microbes, such as Anaerolineaceae, did not only play important roles in shaping the microbial community in soils, but might also be involved in regulating the Cd solubility. Two possible mechanisms that how Anaerolineaceae involved in Cd solubility are (1) Anaerolineaceae are important organic matter degraders under anoxic conditions and (2) Anaerolineaceae can co-exist with methane metabolism microbes, while methane metabolism promotes the precipitation of soluble Cd. Thus, application of Anaerolineaceae in bioremediation of soil Cadmium contamination is a potential approach. The study provided a novel insight into the role of microbial community in the regulation of Cd solubility under different redox conditions, and suggested a potential approach for the remediation of soil Cd contamination.     

TiO2/Schwertmannite nanocomposites as superior co-catalysts in heterogeneous photo-Fenton process

The heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction is an effective technique in combating organic contaminants for both soil and water remediation,and extensive studies have focused on enhancing its efficiency and reducing its costs.In this work,we developed novel photoFenton catalysts by simply milling commercially available TiO_2(P25)with Schwertmannite(Sh),a natural iron-oxyhydroxysulfate nanomineral.We expect that the photo-generated electrons from TiO_2could continuously migrate to Sh,which then could enhance the separation of electron-hole pairs on TiO_2and accelerate the reduction of Fe(III)to Fe(II)on Sh,leading to high degradation efficiency of the target organic contaminants.SEM and TEM results showed the distribution of TiO_2on Sh surface for the nanocomposites(TiO_2/Sh).Under simulated sunlight irradiation,the much higher content of Fe(II)was determined on TiO_2/Sh than on Sh via a common method in the iron ore,and the consumption of H_2O_2and the production of·OH were more significant in the TiO_2/Sh system than those in the TiO_2and Sh systems.These results well support our hypothesis that the photo-generated electrons could migrate from TiO_2to Sh on the composites,and can also explain the much higher degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B(RhB)in the TiO_2/Sh system.Besides,TiO_2/Sh had lower Fe dissolution as compared with Sh,and retained high catalytic stability after four repeated cycles.Above merits of the TiO_2/Sh composites,in combining with their simple synthesis method and low-cost property,indicated that they should have promising applications as heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysts.