水体中抗生素的检测及去除方法研究综述

抗生素是目前世界上应用最广泛的药物之一。大量抗生素的使用,不可避免地给自然环境造成巨大的压力。由于污水截流不彻底等原因,工业、养殖及医疗活动等进入环境中的抗生素通过各种途径进入饮用水体,对水质安全及人类健康构成威胁。针对抗生素对水环境造成的污染,讨论目前国内外水环境中抗生素检测技术和去除手段的研究情况,主要对水中抗生素的富集方法、仪器检测及臭氧氧化去除技术进行分析,最后对抗生素污染的研究方向进行了展望。     

剩余污泥处理新工艺

研究了剩余有机污泥处理新工艺，将剩作污泥进行酸化水解后回到废水处理系统一起代谢，基本达到无污泥排放。该工艺适合于染整废水、乳品厂废水处理站等有机污泥处置，特别适用于泥难以脱水的如锦纶厂废水处理站的剩余污泥处理。     

Land Degradation at the Stara Planina Ski Resort

The environmental impacts of ski resorts in the Balkan region are great and can lead to landscape degradation and loss of land functionality. In this study, we present an example of the negative effects of human activities at the Stara Planina ski resort in southeastern Serbia. The objective of this study is detailed analysis of the characteristics of environmental impacts at the Stara Planina. The management of the ski area and ski slope development caused severe degradation of topsoil and native vegetation. The morphological characteristics of the area, lithological properties of the exposed material and climate conditions resulted in various geomorphic impacts, including rills, deep gullies, solifluctions and debris from rock weathering. Significant changes in land usage altered hydrological conditions, resulting in more frequent torrential floods in the downstream sections of the Zubska River and increased the sediment yield. Environmental impacts were analyzed in the immediate and wider zones of the ski resort in accordance with the specific topography and visual exposure. The restoration and erosion control measures have stopped degradation processes and helped to rehabilitate the appearance and functions of the landscape. The results show the importance of considering lithological (the type and characteristics of minerals present) and hydrological (precipitation, water storage capacity of soil, runoff) factors under the conditions of significant changes in land usage. The results of this investigation can contribute to the improvement of planning processes and the implementation of development projects in ski areas.     

浅析大型浮顶油罐雷击火灾的原因及处置

通过浮顶油罐密封结构优缺点的分析,找出浮顶油罐油气存在的空间及形成爆炸燃烧的原因,并结合实际提出了改进措施及浮顶油罐的火灾处置方法。     

便携式净水器净化放射性污染水的研究

用非放射性元素代替放射性同位素进行静态和动态试验。筛选出了对一、二价阳离子有较好处理效果的D1树脂和对阴离子有较好处理效果的D2树脂。该净水器对两个水源中放射性污染物的净化效果表明 ,对试验水样中污染物的放射性强度均能净化( 2 0L)达到 99%以上 ;即使处理水量达到 35L时 ,其净化率仍能达到 97%以上。     

洱海上覆水溶解性有机氮特征及其与湖泊水质关系

研究了洱海上覆水溶解性有机氮(DON)含量及空间分布,利用三维荧光和紫外光谱技术分析了其结构组分特征,探讨了DON与湖泊水质间关系.结果表明:2014年洱海上覆水DON含量在0.08~0.33mg/L之间,全年平均为0.18mg/L,时间分布为春季 > 夏季 > 秋季 > 冬季,空间分布呈南部 > 北部 > 中部的趋势,垂向分布呈中层 > 表层 > 底层的趋势.洱海上覆水DON腐殖化程度较高,取代基中羰基、羧基、羟基、酯等含量较少,主要以脂肪链为主;自生源指数(BIX)在0.84~1.19之间(平均值0.94),荧光指数FI值在1.58~1.66之间(平均值为1.63),表明洱海上覆水DON受陆源输入和内源生物代谢共同影响;另外,洱海上覆水DON主要组分为腐殖质类物质(平均61.82%),且在0~2m各荧光组分转化量最大,其类蛋白成分P_(I+II,n)始终小于20%.洱海上覆水DON和溶解性总氮(DTN)呈极显著正相关(R=0.949, P < 0.01),类蛋白物质与类腐殖质比值(P_(I+II,n)/P_(III+V,n))与TN、DTN和SRP呈显著正相关(R=0.467~0.552, P < 0.05),表明上覆水DON含量在一定程度上可以指示洱海水质状况,特别是其类蛋白物质含量能较好的指示其水质状况,即类蛋白物质含量越高,上覆水体氮磷含量越高.     

城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中DOM的光谱动态变化特征

跟踪监测了城市污泥堆肥工厂好氧堆肥的一个发酵周期,利用三维荧光光谱技术,结合平行因子分析法,研究了堆肥过程中DOM的动态变化过程.结果 表明,堆肥污泥中DOM主要由4种荧光组分组成,分别为类色氨酸(C1:275nm/350 nm)、类富里酸(C2:240 nm、315/415 nm)、类酪氨酸(C3:275 nm/305 nm)和类胡敏酸(C4:265 nm、360 nm/480nm).随堆肥过程推进,组分C1、C3所占比例先增大后减小,而组分C2、组分CA所占比例升高,表明堆肥腐殖化程度不断增强;由紫外-可见吸收光谱研究发现,SUVA254、SUVA280、A240 ～400逐渐增大,E250/ E365逐渐减小,表明DOM的芳香性和腐殖化程度逐渐增强.通过相关性分析可知,CA与吸收光谱参数在p ＜0.05水平上显著相关,表明CA可以作为评价堆肥腐熟度的指标.     

A^2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理

研究了厌氧-缺氧-好氧（A2O）活性污泥工艺对生活污水中天然雌激素雌酮（Estrone,E1）、17β-雌二醇（17β-Estradiol,E2）以及17α-乙炔基雌二醇（17α-Ethynylestradiol,EE2）的去除性能。在对COD、N和P具有良好去除效果的前提下,对E1、E2和EE2的去除率可分别达到92.7%、100%和62.7%。通过对各反应单元内3种雌激素的物料平衡分析,表明A2O工艺对雌激素的去除主要发生在厌氧段和好氧段。以失活污泥作为对照组,好氧硝化过程中雌激素去除的小试实验发现,好氧过程中E1、E2的去除主要依靠生物降解作用,而EE2的去除则主要依赖于活性污泥对其的吸附作用。     

基于HepG2细胞脂质组学方法对黄浦江水质的综合评价

环境水体中复合污染的毒性识别一直是环境科学界关注的热点.基于代谢组学的生物监测方法通过监测暴露前后生物内源性代谢物的变化,在评估复合污染导致的综合毒性效应中具有广泛的应用前景.本研究从污染物对细胞脂类代谢的影响角度出发,采用体外肝癌细胞(HepG2)暴露和脂质组分析相结合的方法,对黄浦江干流和支流共27个采样点的水质进行了综合评价.研究发现,水样对HepG2细胞的脂代谢影响程度与采样点所属河段紧密相关.黄浦江中游水样对HepG2细胞的平均脂代谢影响程度(3.40％)高于上游(1.65％)和下游(0.78％),而流经城区的支流水样对细胞的脂代谢影响(5.20％)明显高于干流水样(1.80％).此外,在采集的水样中超过70％的样品都导致HepG2细胞内甘油三酯(TG)大量蓄积,揭示了黄浦江水体中的复合污染物可能诱导肝脏产生脂毒性损伤.本研究为环境水质监测提供新的方法,研究结果为上海市生态环境和水质安全管理部门提供重要的参考信息.     

Health risk assessment for polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated naphthalenes in seafood from Guangzhou and Zhoushan, China

This study determined the concentrations of organochlorine contaminants in common seafood in two Chinese coastal cities (Guangzhou and Zhoushan), and assessed the health risk due to the daily consumption of contaminated seafood. Twenty-six pooled samples, belonging to five food categories (fish, bivalves, shrimp, crab, and cephalopods), were purchased from local markets in Guangzhou and Zhoushan in 2003 and 2004. These samples were analyzed for total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), non- and mono-ortho-PCBs (coplanar PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/DFs). The concentrations of total PCBs and coplanar PCBs in fish samples were higher in Guangzhou than in Zhoushan, while the levels of PCNs and PCDDs/DFs were comparable between the two cities. The total daily intake values of dioxin-like compounds were 1.05 and 0.86pg WHO-TEQ/kg body weight in Guangzhou and Zhoushan, respectively. Hazard ratios of non-cancer risk in the two cities were all less than unity.