离子镀铝与离子液体电镀铝涂层性能对比研究

目的对比研究离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层的性能。方法针对高强度钢表面环保表面处理的需求,对比研究300M钢表面离子镀铝和离子液体电镀铝两种涂层,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)等对两种涂层的表面、断面微观形貌和成分进行表征;采用原子力显微镜(AFM)对两种涂层表面三维形貌和粗糙度进行观察和测量;采用电偶腐蚀测试两种涂层与铝合金的电偶腐蚀性能;采用缺口试样拉伸方法检测两种涂层对300M钢基体氢脆性能的影响;采用5%Na Cl人工海水周浸试验的方法检测两种涂层的耐蚀性能,与电镀镉钛镀层进行对比,采用电化学方法对涂层试验前后的阻抗谱特性进行检测分析。结果两种涂层表面形貌存在较大差异,离子镀铝经过致密化处理后,表面为均匀的圆饼状形貌,致密度很高,粗糙度约为0.88μm,而离子液体电镀铝涂层表面则为圆顶状的凸起物组成,没有明显的孔洞缺陷,粗糙度约为0.71μm;电偶腐蚀测试显示,两种涂层都能够与铝合金相容连接;缺口试样的拉伸试验结果显示,两种涂层的对基体的氢脆性能没有影响;腐蚀试验结果显示,两种涂层对于300M钢基体都具有良好的保护效果,与传统的电镀镉钛相当,具备了未来替代镉类镀层的潜质。结论两种涂层均匀致密,没有明显的气孔、裂纹等缺陷,电偶腐蚀性能优异,对300M钢基体都不会产生氢脆隐患,耐蚀性能优异。     

三峡库区流域藻类生长与营养盐吸收关系

根据三峡库区流域的实测数据和描述富营养污染流域中水华暴发强非线性耦合动力学模型中的控制函数,研究了缓流态水体环境中藻类生长的内在机制,并以长江三峡流域优势藻类,即绿藻的生长为例,较为系统地研究了藻类生长对N、P的吸收与水体中N、P浓度之间存在的强相互作用;藻类对营养物的吸收率ω_i与水体中营养物浓度c_x的比值(ω_i/c_x)不仅反映出三峡水域中藻类浓度对藻类吸收营养物程度的影响,而且在藻类生长与吸收各种营养成分之间还存在明显的关联性.     

湖泊水体中营养盐控制技术研究进展

营养盐物质是造成湖泊水体富营养化的关键因素,在对湖泊水体营养盐控制技术探讨过程中,分析了营养盐的来源形式,从物理、化学、生物生态学角度分别对营养盐的控制技术进行了论述和思考,并指出了今后湖泊水体中营养盐控制技术发展方向。     

Effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the “soft” carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coe cient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 0.007) g/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.     

南渡江水体微塑料污染现状研究

河流微塑料污染近年来受到广泛关注.南渡江作为海南省最大的河流,其微塑料污染现状和潜在影响因素值得进一步研究.基于此,本研究对南渡江从源头到河口区的水体微塑料状况进行了调查.结果显示,南渡江水体微塑料丰度处于90～850个·m-3水平,在全国和世界范围内总体处于较低水平.南渡江微塑料污染总体呈现从上游到下游递增的趋势,但...     

派河及其支流溶解性有机质分子组成特征

溶解性有机质(DOM)是水生生态系统中的重要组成部分,派河作为"引江济淮"清水廊道工程江淮段的唯一输水通道,其DOM分子层面的组成信息和特性尚不明确.利用静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱技术对派河及其支流(光明大堰河)DOM分子进行表征,并且利用皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析和主成分分析(PCA)研究两条河流DOM的分子组成...     

太湖沉积物中解磷细菌分布及其与碱性磷酸酶活性的关系

分析了太湖沉积物中解磷细菌的丰度, 测定了不同季节、不同采样点、不同取样深度沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的活性, 探讨了解磷细菌分布与碱性磷酸酶活性的关系.结果表明,解磷菌在表层沉积物中普遍存在, 随着深度的增加, 数量逐渐减少.解磷菌的种类秋季最多,冬季最少, 但解磷能力较强的菌大部分出现在夏季.碱性磷酸酶活性范围为0.001～0.006 mmol·(g·min)^-1, 酶活性呈现较为明显的季节变动, 不同采样点间酶活性差异较大, 随深度的增加, 碱性磷酸酶活性逐渐降低.各采样点碱性磷酸酶在0～12　cm活性较高且变化较大, 12　cm以下深度酶活性较低, 基本稳定在0.001 mmol·(g·min)^-1左右.沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性与解磷菌数量有一定相关性, 相关系数为0.50～0.85.     

高有机质含量垃圾的含水量监测试验研究

为了研究时域反射技术(TDR)对高电导率、高有机质含量的填埋垃圾的适用性,设计并制作了探针表面镀环氧树脂基复合材料和套PVC管的TDR探头,测试并评估了各个探头测试介质含水量的电导率适用范围和感应区域范围,同时推荐了95%探针长度套PVC热缩管的探头作为最优选择.对所选探头进行标定后,安装在填埋自制新鲜垃圾和现场老垃圾的模型单元中,测试渗滤液入渗过程中和入渗后的含水量变化,结果表明:经表面处理后的TDR探头能够有效测试高有机质含量填埋垃圾的含水量,且能够对瞬态渗流过程引起的含水量变化迅速响应;当渗流达到稳定时,TDR测试的含水量结果与水量平衡分析结果较为接近,绝对误差在5%以内.     

玉米与蔬菜间作削减农田径流污染的分析

为探明种植模式对农田径流污染的影响,寻求控制农田径流污染的有效种植模式,对不同种植模式下的小区径流量和径流污染(TN,TP,COD_Cr和SS)进行了测定. 结果表明:蔬菜单作模式的农田径流量和径流污染明显大于玉米与蔬菜间作模式;玉米与蔬菜间作模式可削减农田地表径流量和径流污染,其中玉米‖青花-马铃薯间作模式削减污染效果最好,与其对应的蔬菜单作模式——青花-马铃薯单作模式相比,该间作模式可削减79.59%的径流量,86.87%TN,84.23%TP,91.41%COD_Cr和82.46%SS的流失量.      

Mixed uncertainty analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon inhalation and risk assessment in ambient air of Beijing

This article presents the application of an integrated method that estimates the dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, and assesses the human health risk associated with PAHs inhalation. An uncertainty analysis method consisting of three components were applied in this study, where the three components include a bootstrapping method for analyzing the whole process associated uncertainty, an inhalation rate (IR) representation for evaluating the total PAH inhalation risk for human health, and a normally distributed absorption fraction (AF) ranging from 0% to 100% to represent the absorption capability of PAHs in human body. Using this method, an integrated process was employed to assess the health risk of the residents in Beijing, China, from inhaling PAHs in the air. The results indicate that the ambient air PAHs in Beijing is an important contributor to human health impairment, although over 68% of residents seem to be safe from daily PAH carcinogenic inhalation. In general, the accumulated daily inhalation amount is relatively higher for male and children at 10 years old of age than for female and children at 6 years old. In 1997, about 1.73% cancer sufferers in Beijing were more or less related to ambient air PAHs inhalation. At 95% confidence interval, approximately 272–309 individual cancer incidences can be attributed to PAHs pollution in the air. The probability of greater than 500 cancer occurrence is 15.3%. While the inhalation of ambient air PAHs was shown to be an important factor responsible for higher cancer occurrence in Beijing, while the contribution might not be the most significant one.