Applying metabolic fingerprinting to ecology: The use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the rapid screening of plant responses to N deposition

The potential for metabolic fingerprinting via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to provide a novel approach for the detection of plant biochemical responses to N deposition is examined. An example of spectral analysis using shoot samples taken from an open top chamber (OTC) experiment simulating wet ammonium deposition is given. Sample preparation involved oven drying and homogenisation via mill grinding. Slurries of a consistent dilution were then prepared prior to FT-IR analysis. Spectra from control, 8 and 16 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatments were then subjected to cross-validated discriminant function analysis. Ordination diagrams showed clear separation between the three N treatments examined. The potential for using Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull as a bioindicator of N deposition is further evident from these results. The results also clearly demonstrate the power of FT-IR in discriminating between subtle phenotypic alterations in overall plant biochemistry as affected by ammonium pollution.     

Impact of Land Use on Soluble Organic Nitrogen in Soil

Although it has been hypothesized that soluble organic nitrogen (SON) plays a central role in regulating productivity in some terrestrial ecosystems, the factors controlling the size of the SON pool in soil remain poorly understood. Therefore our principal aim in this work was to assess the impact of seven different land use systems (rough and managed grassland, deciduous and coniferous woodland, heathland, wetland and tilled land) on the size of the SON and inorganic N (NO ₃ ^– , NH ₄ ⁺ ) pools in the surface soil layer (0–15 cm). After extraction with deionised water, we found that in most cases the size of the water extractable organic N (WEON) pool was similar in size to the inorganic N pool. In contrast, the KCl extractable organic N (KClEON) pool constituted the dominant form of soluble N in soils under all land uses, perhaps indicating that significant amounts were held on the soil exchange phase. In contrast to inorganic N, which varied significantly with land use, the size of the KClEON and WEON pool was similar for all land uses with the exception of KClEON in tilled land, where significantly lower amounts were observed. We conclude that SON constitutes an important soil N pool in a broad range of land uses, and that its role in microbial N assimilation, plant nutrition and ecosystem responses to atmospheric N deposition warrants further attention. SAFRD, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.     

超声-双氧水和亚铁离子体系处理含酚废水研究

在实验装置上对超声-双氧水和亚铁离子体系联合处理含酚废水进行了实验研究。主要考察了废水初始pH值、初始双氧水浓度、超声功率、反应时间等因素对酚去除率的影响。实验结果表明：超声辐射可以在双氧水和亚铁离子体系氧化过程中起加速反应的作用，而且随着超声功率的增大，加速反应的能力增强；实验条件下废水初始pH值为4～6．8，初始双氧水浓度为140mg／L时酚去除效果最佳；超声-双氧水和亚铁离子体系处理含酚废水过程中苯酚的降解规律符合表现一级反应。     

尿中氚水和总氚的分析测定

用蒸馏-液闪法和氧化蒸馏-液闪法分别测量了氚污染人员尿中的氚水浓度和总氚(氚水和有机氚)浓度。根据72个高于本底水平的尿中氚水和总氚浓度分析比较，认为在氚内污染工作人员的尿中，有机氚与氚水的浓度比值为(5.4 3.7)％。     

微生物菌剂的研究与开发现状

本文从高效菌种的选育、微生物菌剂的配制、开发现状等三个方面综述了微生物生物强化技术中菌剂的研究与开发现状。     

硒与紫茎泽兰

本文从地质学、矿物学观点出发，阐明了西昌地区富硒的原因，指出：紫茎泽兰是新发现的一种含硒植物，提出了开发硒资源的设想与建议。     

我国公共场所禁烟现状及对策分析

分析目前我国公共场所禁烟现状，探讨进一步加强公共场所禁烟工作的对策。方法：对四川、贵州、浙江、广西等地区的疾病控制中心、卫生监督所以及健康教育所的工作人员进行定性访谈，并结合文献综述。结果：尽管我国公共场所的禁烟工作取得了一些成绩，但仍存在很多不足之处。结论：公共场所彻底禁烟不仅需要烟民的自觉禁烟，也需要政府有关法令的力行实施，更需要全社会广大群众的共同参与。     

珠江三角洲经济区污水系统设计原则

分析了珠江三角洲经济区水环境现状；阐述了城市污水分散处理与集中处理的利弊；指出污水深度处理与回用是形成良性水循环的有效途径，更是经济可持续发展的必然要求；通过对已建排水系统存在问题的分析，探讨了珠江三角洲经济开发区污水系统的设计原则，认为污水系统规划要改变传统设计方法，应方便再生水回用，由经济、技术、地理等综合因素确定排水分区、污水厂厂址与数量，选择适合各排水区域水质水量的工艺流程，预留污水厂与再生水回用管线分期发展的空间，应优先选用国产污水处理设备，尽可能维持城市河涌自然生态。     

罗布泊野骆驼自然保护区的建设及生物多样性保护

新疆罗布泊野骆驼自然保护区位于我国西部极旱荒漠带 ,以保护世界濒危物种———野双峰驼为主要对象 ,同时也保护当地特有的地貌、盐泉、丝绸之路遗迹及其他珍稀动植物物种 ,面积 7 8× 10 4km2 。该保护区在世界生物多样性保护中有重大作用。由于周边地区经济的发展 ,对该保护区的影响逐渐扩大 ,威胁到野生动植物的生存安全 ,急需加强宣传、建卡、检查、巡护等保护管理措施 ,同时需要提高周边贫困社区人民生活水平 ,强化管制非法采矿业     

生态移民在保护自然生态环境中的重要作用及实施建议

在西部大开发中,生态环境保护与建设要先行,而生态移民则是落实该项政策的一项极重要措施。将自然保护区、交通和通讯不发达的边缘区、生态环境脆弱区和地质灾区的农牧民,移往自然环境条件较好,公路交通及通讯发达,接近城镇的地区,不但可改善和提高这些居民的生活水平,更重要的是对迁出区的自然生态环境保护,特别是珍稀野生动植物的生存和自然繁殖有十分积极的作用。而工业生产移民则是环境保护必要手段。该项政策的实施,不但具有重大社会政治、生态环境及经济效益,而且在我国自然保护史上是个重大创举。