Characteristics and recent trends of sulfur dioxide at urban, rural, and background sites in North China: Effectiveness of control measures

SO₂ measurements made in recent years at sites in Beijing and its surrounding areas are performed to study the variations and trends of surface SO₂ at different types of sites in Northern China. The overall average concentrations of SO₂ are (16.8 ± 13.1) ppb, (14.8 ± 9.4) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb at China Meteorological Administration (CMA, Beijing urban area), Gucheng (GCH, relatively polluted rural area, 110 km to the southwest of Beijing urban area), and Shangdianzi (SDZ, clean background area, 100 km to the northeast of Beijing urban area), respectively. The SO₂ levels in winter (heating season) are 4-6 folds higher than those in summer. There are highly significant correlations among the daily means of SO₂ at different sites, indicating regional characteristics of SO₂ pollution. Diurnal patterns of surface SO₂ at all sites have a common feature with a daytime peak, which is probably caused by the downward mixing and/or the advection transport of SO₂-richer air over the North China Plain. The concentrations of SO₂ at CMA and GCH show highly significant downward trends (-4.4 ppb/yr for CMA and -2.4 ppb/yr for GCH), while a less significant trend (-0.3 ppb/yr) is identified in the data from SDZ, reflecting the character of SDZ as a regional atmospheric background site in North China. The SO₂ concentrations of all three sites show a significant decrease from period before to after the control measures for the 2008 Olympic Games, suggesting that the SO₂ pollution control has long-term effectiveness and benefits. In the post-Olympics period, the mean concentrations of SO₂ at CMA, GCH, and SDZ are (14.3 ± 11.0) ppb, (12.1 ± 7.7) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb, respectively, with reductions of 26%, 36%, and 13%, respectively, compared to the levels before. Detailed analysis shows that the differences of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction were not the dominant factors for the significant differences of SO₂ between the pre-Olympics and post-Olympics periods. By extracting the data being more representative of local or regional characteristics, a reduction of up to 40% for SO₂ in polluted areas and a reduction of 20% for regional SO₂ are obtained for the effect of control measures implemented for the Olympic Games.     

洪泽湖沉积物中营养盐和重金属的垂向分布特征研究

为了揭示洪泽湖沉积物中营养盐和重金属的垂向分布特征,2008年6月采集了洪泽湖淮河入湖口附近、湖西和湖心3个柱状沉积物样品.通过测定分析其总氮、总磷、有机质和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Al、Cr、Hg、Mn、As的垂向分布特征,揭示了营养盐演化规律及重金属污染历史.结果表明,淮河口附近沉积环境受淮河流域影响较大,营养盐中TN、TP、OM的含量分别为390.8～643.7、428.6～538.6、5 194.3～9 164.9 mg.kg-1,Zn、Cd、Al、Fe和Mn受人为影响较小,其余重金属人为影响较大.湖西区沉积环境受淮河及湖西周边城市影响,TN、TP、OM的含量为633.4～2 677.3、480.0～1 115.9、7 140.8～47 849.7 mg.kg-1,TN、OM和重金属污染程度从20世纪70年代末加剧,90年代以来有所改善,As和Cr受流域人类活动影响较大,其余重金属受人为影响较小.湖心来源主要为流域碎屑物质,TN、TP、OM的含量为904.7～1 585.4、526.3～750.1、10 635.6～19 020.6 mg.kg-1,营养盐和重金属相关性显著,垂向分布均相似,含量从底层至表层呈上升趋势.沉积柱中营养盐、重金属元素具有比较一致的污染特征,与洪泽湖流域发展阶段相吻合,洪泽湖沉积环境属于洪水冲刷型堆积模式(Turbidity Flood Model方式).     

水体系中氧氟沙星的光化学降解研究

研究了高压汞灯和氙灯照射下氧氟沙星(OFLX)在蒸馏水、人工海水和天然海水中的光降解过程,探讨了光源、起始浓度、丙酮、表面活性剂等因素对OFLX光化学降解速率的影响.结果表明,OFLX在高压汞灯下的光反应速率比在氙灯下快得多,均符合一级反应动力学过程;在相同光源下,OFLX在海水中降解最快,其次是人工海水;当OFLX初始浓度为2、4、6mg.L-1时,其光解速率常数分别为0.163、0.140和0.132 min-1,随着OFLX初始浓度增大,其光解率降低;不同浓度的丙酮均能促进OFLX光降解的反应,其反应速率常数为0.084 2～0.102 min-1,且光敏效率与丙酮浓度呈正相关关系;然而当十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、吐温-20(TW-20)等表面活性剂的浓度为5 mg.L-1,它们均抑制了水体中OFLX光降解反应的进程.另外,利用金藻8701单种培养进行了OFLX光化学降解前后的毒性试验,表明OFLX光解过程产生风险较高的中间产物,随着光解进行,产物毒性降低.     

干热河谷林地燥红土固碳特征及"新固定"碳表观稳定性

全球气候变化背景下,森林土壤固碳能力及所固定碳的稳定性受到极大关注.基于土壤密度分组和酸水解技术,对比研究了1991年营造的大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)林不同阶段(1991、1997、2003和2010年)土壤及其物理和生化组分中有机碳密度.结果表明,造林19 a后林地表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～30 cm)土壤有机碳密度分别为1.40 kg.m-2和0.99kg.m-2.研究期内(1991～2010年)表层和亚表层土壤平均固碳速率分别为37.89 g.(m2.a)-1和16.84 g.(m2.a)-1,且土壤呈现加速固碳特征.2003年林地表层重组有机碳分配比例为71.44%,显著高于2010年(67.99%).2003年林地表层或亚表层轻组顽固性碳指数显著高于重组,但均随林龄的增加而降低,尤其是轻组顽固性碳指数.2003～2010年间燥红土"新固定"碳中57%～70%受物理保护,33%～49%为生化稳定性碳.研究揭示出干热河谷人工林燥红土具备较大的固碳能力.受物理保护碳的生化稳定性低于非保护碳,其稳定性均随林龄的增加而降低.     

上海城市样带土壤重金属空间变异特征及污染评价

为揭示城市化、工业化等人为活动对土壤环境质量的影响,选择能反映上海城郊乡梯度差异的城市样带,采用地统计学方法对表层土壤样品Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn共5种重金属的空间变异结构和分布格局进行了分析,并利用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价了土壤重金属的污染程度.结果表明:土壤样品Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn这5种重金属平均含量分别为27.80、28.86、99.36、87.72、556.97 mg.kg-1.表层土壤Cu、Cr、Mn、Pb、Zn均属中等变异,Mn、Cr呈正态分布,Cu、Pb、Zn呈对数正态分布;半方差函数模型拟合结果显示Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr符合线状模型,Mn符合指数模型.通过泛克里格插值得到城市样带表层土壤重金属含量空间分布图,发现Cu呈条带状,Cr、Mn呈岛状,Pb、Zn呈条带和岛状分布相结合的特点.土壤污染评价结果说明土壤Cr、Zn、Pb污染相对严重.土壤Cr、Zn、Pb、Mn和Cu之间呈显著相关,土壤重金属之间表现为复合污染.土壤重金属污染城郊乡梯度差异明显,工业化、城市化与城市土壤重金属空间分布密切相关.     

海河流域北部地区河流沉积物重金属的生态风险评价

以海河流域北部地区主要河流为研究对象,采用Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法,根据39个采样点评价了河流沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险程度.结果表明,以中国大陆沉积物重金属背景值作为参考值,研究区内除Pb含量接近背景值外,Cu、Zn、Cd和Cr含量均超出了背景参考值.基于单项重金属的潜在生态风险指数,研究区内采样点Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr的风险等级属于"轻微",Cd则有不同程度的污染,各重金属污染等级排列顺序为Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn.基于多种重金属的潜在风险指数,32个采样点属于"轻微"等级,5个采样点属于"中等"等级,2个采样点属于"很强"等级.风险较高的河流为北京汤河、大石河和保定拒马河,表明这些河流是需要加强控制的重点地区.     

建筑陶瓷碳计量与优化模型研究

采用投入产出分析方法和目标规划方法,以某建陶企业为代表,建立了建筑陶瓷产业投入产出模型及低碳优化模型,利用投入产出模型计量和预估了建筑陶瓷产业关键环节碳排放和产品碳足迹;应用低碳优化模型对建筑陶瓷企业的产品计划进行了低碳优化.结果表明,建筑陶瓷企业年二氧化碳排放量达182 543.9 t,单位产品碳排放量多于国外先进水平10%以上;影响建筑陶瓷产业二氧化碳排放的关键环节为烧成和喷雾干燥过程,烧成和喷雾干燥过程排放的二氧化碳占总排放的80%以上;3种建筑陶瓷产品中,坯砖、抛光砖、釉面砖的万平米产量碳足迹依次为150.2、168.0、159.6 t.建筑陶瓷企业经低碳模型优化后可以在保证同样利润的同时降低5.4%的碳排放,也可以在保证碳排放相同的条件下使利润提高5.6%.     

全国大气扩散输送模态与区划研究

基于NCEP再分析气象资料,使用HYSPLIT模式对我国大陆区域进行了一整年的连续轨迹计算.轨迹以1°×1°的网格化经纬度分辨率进行计算.考虑气候、地理及经济因素,将全国计算区域分为10个大区,分别统计各大区出发的轨迹在全国的分布频率.根据全年和各季的轨迹统计结果,分析我国不同区域的大气输送扩散特征以及区域间大气环境的相互影响潜势.结果表明,全国10个大区的大气扩散输送模态可分为特性不同的7大类,其中以西北方向的3个大区为一类,西南高原的2个大区为另一类,其它各区自成一类.10个大区大气扩散物质的累积效应差异显著且季节变化特征各异.全国以西南区(XN)东部大气累积效应最强,东北区(DB)累积效应最弱.     

山仔水库沉积物蓝藻复苏试验研究

采用正交试验考察了温度、光照、营养盐和物理扰动4个因素对山仔水库冬季沉积物中蓝藻复苏的影响,每个因素设置两个水平,培养周期为6 d,并以蓝藻复苏量为考察指标.结果表明,温度和光照为蓝藻复苏的主要影响因子,上覆水体的营养盐、物理扰动对沉积物中蓝藻门复苏的影响作用不显著,不同的蓝藻种属对温度和光照条件的响应程度不完全一致,蓝藻门微囊藻属(Microcystis)对温度和光照的复苏响应显著,颤藻属(Oscillatoria)仅对温度的复苏响应显著.同时,通过设置6.0~16.0 ℃之间6个温度梯度及50和2000 lx两个光照梯度,进行了沉积物柱状样复苏模拟实验.结果显示,山仔水库冬季沉积物微囊藻属和颤藻属在10 ℃左右开始复苏,微囊藻属对光的敏感性使其更容易处于优势地位.     

Optimum conditions for the formation of Al13 polymer and active chlorine in electrolysis process with Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anodes

A polyaluminum containing a high concentration of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine (PACC) was successfully synthesized by a new electrochemical reactor using Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂ anodes. PACC can potentially be used as a dual-function chemical reagent for water treatment. The obtained results indicated that the formation of Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine, were the most active components in PACC responsible for coagulation and disinfection respectively. These components were significantly influenced by electrolyte temperature, current density, and stirring rate. It was observed that high electrolyte temperature favored the formation of Al₁₃. Increasing current density and stirring rate resulted in high current efficiency of chlorine evolution, thus favoring the generation of Al₁₃ and active chlorine in PACC. When the PACC (Al_T = 0.5 mol/L, basicity = 2.3) was prepared at the optimum conditions by electrolysis process, the Al₁₃ polymer and active chlorine in product reached above 70% of Al_T and 4000 mg/L, respectively. In the pilot scale experiment with raw polyaluminum chloride used as an electrolyte, PACC was successfully prepared and produced a high content of Al₁₃ and active chlorine products. The pilot scale experiment demonstrated a potential industrial approach of PACC preparation.