Characterization of organic matter in total suspended particles bythermodesorption and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk oforganic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass, is bound to polymeric materialwhose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Td-GC/MS) to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) tocharacterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in di erent seasons from di erent sites in Guangzhou.n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids,nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units inmacromolecules. The fatty acids and nitriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption productsand pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainlydetermined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formationprocess maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban andforest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.     

Ecotoxicological effects of mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling and bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

To understand potential ecotoxicological effects of electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) recycling and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bioaccumulation in loaches, a semi-field experiment using Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) as experimental fish was performed. Larval loaches were kept into net-cage for three months in an e-wastes recycling site and a reference site in Southeastern China. There was significant difference of the survival rate between the loaches from the e-wastes recycling site (27%, 19/70) and from reference site (70%, 49/70). Histopathological responses were also found in all the livers examined in loaches from the e-wastes recycling site. These results showed that mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling led to ecotoxicological effects on loaches. The bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the main pollutants in e-waste, in loaches was also studied in this e-wastes recycling site, the mean concentrations of total PBDEs in sediment was 6726.17 ng/g wet weight and in water samples was 4.08 ng/L (dissolved phase). BDE209 was the dominant congener in sediment and with relatively high concentration in water. Relatively low concentration of BDE209 (less than 0.01% of total PBDEs) and high concentration of BDE47 (up to 39.34% of total PBDEs) were detected in loaches.     

电子垃圾拆解地表层土壤中的多卤代芳烃及其潜在污染源

通过收集典型电子垃圾拆解区的电子垃圾碎屑以及拆解现场和对照区的表层土壤（0～5 cm深度）样品.采用GC/MS 5975B对样品中PHAHs进行分析.结果发现,在采集的三大类电子垃圾碎屑中电缆绝缘层含有最高浓度的PBBs（35.25 ng·g^-1）,其中以PBB2、PBB3和PBB15为主的低溴代联苯占到总量的38%.电子元件填充物中的∑PBDEs和PBDE209检出浓度最高,分别为29.71 ng·g^-1和4.19×103 ng·g^-1;PBDE153和PBDE183是最具支配地位的同族体,分别占PBDEs总量的43%和24%.电缆绝缘层中的PCBs浓度在所收集的电子垃圾碎屑中最高（680.02 ng·g^-1）.拆解现场表层土壤中PHAHs的污染特征与电子垃圾碎屑中PHAHs的污染特征相一致,而且其污染水平明显高于对照区土壤相应PHAHs的浓度水平.表明电子垃圾中PHAHs是当地土壤环境的重要污染源.     

青藏高原典型高寒草甸区土壤有机碳氮的变异特性

本研究应用地统计学的基本原理与方法(半方差分析)对青藏高原典型高寒草甸区0～10 cm土壤有机碳和全氮空间变异性进行了分析.结果表明,0～10 cm的土壤有机碳和全氮的平均含量分别为11.45 g·kg^-1和1.02 g·kg^-1,平均变异系数分别为0.23和0.21,反映出该植被区土壤肥力较为贫瘠.土壤有机碳和全氮随机因素的变异占总空间异质性变异的比率分别为44.7%和49.9%,变异尺度分别为210.9 m和200.1 m,随机因素的影响主要发生在采样尺度＜10 m的范围之内.在该研究区域上土壤有机碳和全氮均表现出空间自相关因素大于随机因素的变异格局;在空间结构的变异上,由土壤内在属性如土壤矿物质、地形等空间自相关因素和人为因素如放牧及工程施工等对土壤表层的践踏引起的随机因素共同起作用,影响程度呈中等水平.     

中国人为源颗粒物排放现状与趋势分析

利用排放因子法,基于电力、工业、民用、交通等部门的活动水平和排放因子,建立了2000年和2005年中国分省、分部门、分粒径的颗粒物（PM）排放清单.利用情景分析法,基于能源预测,分析了在不同颗粒物控制方案下2010～2030年中国颗粒物的排放趋势.结果表明,我国2005年的总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）、可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的排放量分别是29.98、15.30和9.79 Mt, 2000～2005年间的排放增长率分别是3.4%、4.7%和5.4%.在现有政策情景下,我国2030年TSP和PM_2.5的排放量分别是23.06和10.59 Mt,工业锅炉成为最大的颗粒物排放源.通过提高能源利用效率,2030年可在基准情景基础上TSP和PM_2.5分别减排15%和16%;通过增大执法力度,2015年可再减排25%的TSP和10%的PM_2.5排放,之后通过加严排放标准,推广高效除尘装置的应用,2030年TSP和PM_2.5可再减排21%和19%,其排放量分别达到13.81和6.88 Mt.颗粒物的综合控制措施应覆盖电厂、工业、民用等各个领域,从提高能效、保证执法、强化政策3个方面着手.     

活化赤泥去除猪场废水生化处理出水中的磷和重金属

以铝矿工业废渣赤泥为原材料,采用焙烧活化方法进行活化处理,并将其用于畜禽废水生化处理出水中磷和重金属的吸附去除.同时,研究考察了吸附剂除磷、除重金属的能力以及投加量、pH值和反应时间对去除效果的影响.结果表明,赤泥和活化赤泥对磷、铜、锌、砷吸附规律符合Langmuir吸附等温方程;焙烧改性后,赤泥对磷、铜、锌、砷的去除能力显著提高,900℃焙烧活化饱和吸附量可分别由46.26、18.18 、15.45、18.83 mg·g-1提高至149.00、65.17、99.20、27.51 mg·g-1;pH显著影响除磷、除重金属的效果,高pH条件有利于磷、铜、锌、砷的去除;赤泥和活化赤泥除磷、铜、锌、砷的作用机理包含金属氧化物表面的表面络合作用机理,其对砷和磷的去除机理还包括共沉淀作用.     

西北冰洋海域表层沉积物中厌氧菌分布特征

用逐步稀释法在4℃和25℃培养条件下测定了西北冰洋海域24个表层沉积物样品中厌氧菌(Anaerobic bacteria,AAB) 的检出率和含量.同时,分析了这两项指标的水平分布（纬度间、经度间）差异,以及在不同水深的变化特征.结果表明,在4℃和25℃培养条件下厌氧菌检出率高达100%,AAB含量范围分别为9.00×102~2.40×107cell·g-1和2.90×104~2.40×107cell·g-1,平均含量分别为4.54×106cell·g-1和3.99×106cell·g-1.AAB含量存在水平分布差异,随着纬度升高,或经度自西向东,或水深的加大,AAB的含量均呈现逐渐降低的趋势.     

太湖流域居民暴露于DDTs的健康风险评价

采用多介质环境数学模型,评价太湖流域居民暴露于DDTs的健康风险,分析风险来源、暴露介质及暴露途径,并结合蒙特卡罗方法分析研究过程中的不确定性. 结果表明,太湖流域居民中男性和女性对环境中DDTs的终身日平均暴露量分别为4.00×10－4～8.28×10－3和3.73×10－4～7.28×10－3 mg/(kg·d). 暴露途径中食物摄取是最主要途径,其次是吸入,皮肤暴露作用很小. 食物中贡献较大的为谷物、鱼类和肉类. 相应的男性和女性的健康风险度分别为0.114×10－6～2.366×10－6 和0.107×10－6～2.081×10－6 a－1,低于可接受健康风险度标准的累积概率分别为80.85%和86.05%.      

不同土壤对垃圾沥滤液净化效能研究

通过土柱模拟实验比较了不同土壤对垃圾沥滤液中高浓度污染物NH4+-N和COD的去除效率。结果表明不同类型土壤对垃圾沥滤液的处理效果有明显差异。紫色土对沥滤液NH4+-N的去除效率可达到95%以上,COD去除率较低;腐殖土对COD去除率最高,出水NH+4-N含量随pH值的上升迅速下降;与腐殖土相比,黄壤对NH+4-N的去除效果较高,对COD的去除率较低。随进水次数增加,土柱对渗滤液中污染物的去除效率明显降低。     

络合剂对铬污染土壤电动修复作用的影响

用电动方法对铬污染砂土的修复进行了实验室研究。结果表明,EDTA和柠檬酸的加入明显改变了电动过程中电流的大小和铬在砂土中的分配,柠檬酸因与C(rⅥ)发生明显的竞争吸附或与土壤中的C(rⅢ)发生较强的络合作用而增加土壤总铬的迁移率,迁移到阳极附近的铬占砂土中铬含量的78.4%,电动处理以后土壤中剩余的六价铬浓度均显著减少,尤其是加入络合剂后的迁移率比不加入约提高40%,充分表明电动处理时加入络合剂可明显增加对砂土中六价铬的迁移。