Mechanism of PCBs formation from the pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were formed by pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes in a HCl atmosphere. Varieties of substituted chlorobenzenes were used as model compounds to optimize the condensation reaction. Lower chlorinated benzenes produce more PCBs than that of higher ones. Up to 0.7 microg PCBs/mg 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene was produced through the condensation reaction.     

Persistent organic pollutants in water and surface sediments of Taihu Lake,China and risk assessment

Organic pollutants, especially persistent organic pollutants were examined in the water and surface sediments of Taihu Lake, China. Both 12 water and 12 sediment samples were collected over the lake. C-18 solid-phase extraction technique was applied to extract organic pollutants in collected water samples. Soxhlet extraction procedure was used to extract organic pollutants in sediment samples. The analysis was performed by GC-MS controlled by a Hewlett Packard chemstation. Two hundred and seventy-three kinds of organic chemicals in water were examined, 200 more than that detected in 1985; 188 kinds of chemicals in sediments were detected as well. Among them 21 kinds of chemicals belong to priority pollutants as well as 17 kinds to be the endocrine disruptors. The concentrations of the pollutants were more than 2 times higher than that in 1985. The possible source and relation to anthropogenic activity were discussed.     

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法处理装置采取特殊的沉淀区构造,改变了活性污泥的循环流动方式,通过间歇曝气,反应区交替处于好氧/缺氧状态,达到了有机物高效去除、高效硝化反硝化及控制污泥膨胀的效果.该方法具有出水水质好、运行稳定、能耗低、流程简洁和操作管理方便的特点,是一种很有发展潜力的一体化中小型生活污水、城市污水处理系统.     

微生物絮凝剂有效真菌的筛选

通过真菌培养基（马铃薯培养基），对旱田土壤和活性污泥中的微生物进行筛选分离，得到3株絮凝率超过67％的菌株，其中絮凝率超过75％的高絮凝活性菌株1株——MZ52。将MZ52在产絮凝剂的培养基中进行发酵培养后，对1000mg／L高岭土悬浮液絮凝，得出MZ52菌产絮凝剂最佳培养条件，分别为摇床转速160r／min，培养时间90h，初始pH值为8．0，培养温度为40℃。     

Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China

Spatial distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons [chlorinated pesticides (CPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured in riverine and estuarine sediment samples from Pearl River Delta, China, collected in 1997. Concentrations of CPs of the riverine sediment samples range from 12 to 158 ng/g, dry weight, while those of PCBs range from 11 to 486 ng/g. The CPs concentrations of the estuarine sediment samples are in the range 6-1658 ng/g, while concentrations of PCBs are in the range 10-339 ng/g. Total PAH concentration ranges from 1168 to 21,329 ng/g in the riverine sediment samples, whereas the PAH concentration ranges from 323 to 14,812 ng/g in the sediment samples of the Estuary. Sediment samples of the Zhujiang River and Macao harbor around the Estuary show the highest concentrations of CPs, PCBs, and PAHs. Possible factors affecting the distribution patterns are also discussed based on the usage history of the chemicals, hydrologic condition, and land erosion due to urbanization processes. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess petrogenic, combustion and naturally derived PAHs of the sediment samples of the Pearl River Delta. In addition, the concentrations of a number of organic compounds of the Pearl River Delta samples indicate that sediments of the Zhujiang river and Macao harbor are most likely to pose biological impairment.     

Effect of cadmium on nodulation and N2-fixation of soybean in contaminated soils

The effects of cadmium stress on nodulation, N2-fixation capabilities of the root nodule, the change in ultrastructure of the root nodule, soybean growth, and the distribution of cadmium in plants were studied. The results obtained show that the nodulation of soybean roots was greatly inhibited by the addition of Cd, especially at the addition level of 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) soil. The inhibition of plant growth, especially the root growth, increased as the cadmium concentration increased, with deleterious effects observed for the roots. The weight ratio of soybean root/leaf decreased as the Cd concentration increased, which might explain the reason for nodulation decreases. The results also indicate that N2-fixation of root nodule was stimulated to some extent at the low levels of Cd addition, but decreased sharply with further increase of the Cd concentration. High Cd levels were also associated with changes in the ultrastructure of root nodule, in which the effective N2-fixing area was reduced and the N2-fixing cells in the area also reduced. In addition, the results also reveal that the content of Cd in different parts of the plants was as follows: roots > stems > seeds, indicating that the accumulation of Cd by roots is much larger than that by any other part of the soybean plant, and might cause deleterious effects to root systems.     

Chemical methods and phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals

The effects of chemical amendments (calcium carbonate (CC), steel sludge (SS) and furnace slag (FS)) on the growth and uptake of cadmium (Cd) by wetland rice, Chinese cabbage and wheat grown in a red soil contaminated with Cd were investigated using a pot experiment. The phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil with vetiver grass was also studied in a field plot experiment. Results showed that treatments with CC, SS and FS decreased Cd uptake by wetland rice, Chinese cabbage and wheat by 23-95% compared with the unamended control. Among the three amendments, FS was the most efficient at suppressing Cd uptake by the plants, probably due to its higher content of available silicon (Si). The concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and Cd in the shoots of vetiver grass were 42-67%, 500-1200% and 120-260% higher in contaminated plots than in control, respectively. Cadmium accumulation by vetiver shoots was 218 g Cd/ha at a soil Cd concentration of 0.33 mg Cd/kg. It is suggested that heavy metal-contaminated soil could be remediated with a combination of chemical treatments and plants.     

有机物对SAD的影响及其数学模拟

通过血清瓶批式实验,研究了不同C/N下葡萄糖和乙酸钠对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统（SAD）污泥活性及脱氮性能的影响.耦合系统颗粒污泥为在亚硝态氮充足的UASB连续流反应器中培养得到,具有较高的厌氧氨氧化活性和反硝化活性.以葡萄糖为碳源,C/N分别为1,2,4时,厌氧氨氧化活性差异不大,反硝化活性逐渐增加,亚硝态氮最大降解速率分别为0.265,0.345,0.453kgN/（kgVSS·d）;以乙酸钠为碳源,C/N分别为1、2、4时,厌氧氨氧化活性和反硝化活性都无明显差别.相同C/N下,耦合系统以葡萄糖为碳源时的厌氧氨氧化活性较高,以乙酸钠为碳源时的反硝化活性较高.C/N分别为1,2,4时,以葡萄糖为有机物的氨氮最大降解速率分别为乙酸钠的1.15,1.19,1.58倍,以乙酸钠为有机物时反应的亚硝态氮最大降解速率分别为葡萄糖的1.89,1.48,1.15倍.实验的数学模拟结果表明,通过模型的模拟,能较为准确地预测实验过程中氮素的变化趋势,在C/N为1~4时耦合系统中颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性无较大变化.     

连云港海州湾海域表层水体和沉积物中微塑料的分布特征

近年来,微塑料成为国内外广泛关注的新型海洋污染物,海湾作为人类在海岸环境中的主要活动地区,一直是海洋污染物聚集地,但我国对近岸大部分中小型海湾环境中微塑料的分布状况仍鲜见报道.为了解我国近岸中小型海湾的微塑料污染特征,本研究以江苏省海州湾海域表层海水和沉积物中采集的微塑料为样本,通过定性和定量方法研究了表层水和沉积物中微塑料主要类型和丰度及空间分布特征.结果表明,海州湾表层水体和沉积物中的微塑料丰度分别为(2.60±1.40)个·m~(-3)和(0.33±0.26)个·g~(-1),在国内近岸环境(表层水0.33～545.00个·m~(-3),沉积物0.07～2.58个·g~(-1))中,海州湾表层水中的微塑料丰度处于较低水平,但沉积物中的微塑料处于较高水平.塑料污染物的粒径大小在水体中分布范围为0.08～13.48 mm,其中,微塑料(粒径5 mm)占91.8%,塑料污染物在沉积物中粒径的分布范围为0.04～14.74 mm,微塑料占91.4%,水体和沉积物中60%以上的微塑料粒径小于2.00 mm.海州湾海域微塑料的形态以纤维状为主,占92%;颜色以蓝色和黑色为主,占70%;材质以人造纤维和PET为主,占79.4%.表层水中微塑料的分布与悬浮物浓度分布具有显著的相关性(P0.05),沉积物中微塑料的分布受多方面因素影响,其分布规律与表层水中微塑料的分布以及沉积物中粒径的分布都具有较大差异性.通过对微塑料的形态特征以及成分组成的分析表明,海州湾的微塑料主要来源于海水养殖和沿岸陆源输入.     

弱磁场强化氧化石墨烯负载纳米零价铁(GO-nFe0/WMF)对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除特性及机制

利用共沉淀法成功制备出绿色、高效且具有较强重复利用性和抗氧化性能的介孔磁性材料氧化石墨烯负载纳米零价铁(GO-nFe~0).通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、比表面积测试仪(BET)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等表征手段对GO-nFe~0的形貌、结构以及元素价态进行分析.研究了弱磁场(WMF)协同GO-nFe~0体系(GO-nFe~0/WMF)处理水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的特性和机制,并且考察了不同反应条件对体系去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.结果表明,当氧化石墨烯(GO)与纳米零价铁(nFe~0)的负载质量比为1∶10且在20 mT弱磁感应强度的最佳条件下,GO-nFe~0/WMF能够在30 min内完全去除浓度为10mg·L~(-1)的Cr(Ⅵ).随着体系初始pH值的降低和材料投加量的增加,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效率显著提高.无机阴离子(Cl~-,SO_4~(2-))对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除表现出促进作用,而ClO~-_4和CO_3~(2-)则分别表现出无明显影响和抑制效果.GO-nFe~0在循环利用5次以及暴露空气中30 d仍能保持较高的反应活性.通过XRD、XPS以及邻菲啰啉掩蔽实验证明:GO-nFe~0/WMF体系具有潜在的协同作用,GO可以提高WMF促进nFe~0的腐蚀速率并提高电子转移速率,从而释放更多的Fe~(2+).