Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

城市空气质量数值预报系统对PM2.5的数值模拟研究

发展了南京大学城市空气质量数值预报模式系统(NJU-CAQPS),在模式系统中引入了气溶胶模块.运用该系统对南京地区冬夏两季PM2.5浓度的时间变化规律和空间分布特征进行了数值模拟研究,通过与实际观测资料对比,检验发展后的模式系统对于细颗粒物的模拟性能.结果表明,南京市城近郊内冬夏两季PM2.5浓度具有明显的时空变化特征,一般在半夜和清晨会出现较高浓度,午后至傍晚浓度较低.冬季浓度高于夏季,冬夏两季算例的浓度日均值之比为1.51.空间分布受到排放源位置、地面流场等因素影响.二次气溶胶在PM2.5中占相当的份额,冬夏两季算例中二次气溶胶在PM2.5中所占比例分别为12%和15%,夏季二次气溶胶对PM2.5浓度贡献较冬季大.与实际观测资料的对比验证表明,经过发展的该模式系统对于城市PM2.5等颗粒物的模拟性能良好.     

Phosphorus utilization and microbial community in response to lead/iron addition to a waterlogged soil

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a viable option for helping to solve a wide range of water quality problems. However, heavy metals adsorbed by substrates would decrease the growth of plants, impair the functions of wetlands and eventually result in a failure of contaminant removal. Typha latifolia L., tolerant to heavy metals, has been widely used for phytoremediation of Pb/Zn mine tailings under waterlogged conditions. This study examined e ects of iron as ferrous sulfate (100 and 500 mg/kg) and lead as lead nitrate (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on phosphorus utilization and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland. Wetland plants (T. latifolia) were grown for 8 weeks in rhizobags filled with a paddy soil under waterlogged conditions. The results showed that both the amount of iron plaque on the roots and phosphorus adsorbed on the plaque decreased with the amount of lead addition. When the ratio of added iron to lead was 1:1, phosphorus utilized by plants was the maximum. Total amount of phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) was 23%–59% higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil. The relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and methane oxidizing bacteria was also higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil, but opposite was observed for other bacteria and fungi. Based on cluster analysis, microbial communities were mostly controlled by the addition of ferrous sulfate and lead nitrate in rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively.     

木棉纤维对水中柴油的吸附性能

用木棉纤维作为吸附材料对含油废水进行吸附研究,考察了吸附平衡时间、等温吸附、以及溶液pH、溶液盐浓度等因素对油吸附的影响。溶液pH对吸附影响很小,在不同的盐浓度下吸附略有下降,木棉纤维吸附剂对0#柴油的吸附所需平衡时间为4h,在室温和pH=7左右的条件下,吸附材料对0#柴油的最大吸附量(qm)为(31±0.81)g/g,等温吸附线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模式,研究结果表明:木棉纤维对含油废水的吸附能在较短的时间达到吸附饱和,吸附量较大,对溶液环境的适应能力强,具有很好的应用前景。     

乙腈和正己烷对环境特征污染物免疫传感分析的影响

利用前期研发的倏逝波全光纤免疫传感系统,使用间接竞争免疫模式对双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)进行了定量分析,其检测灵敏度可达0.2μg·L~(-1),线性检测区间为0.3~33.4μg·L~(-1).重点考察了乙腈和正己烷两种常用有机溶剂对双酚A免疫传感分析的影响,初步探讨了有机溶剂对免疫传感分析的影响机制.结果表明,正己烷含量高达10%都不会对双酚A免疫传感分析产生明显影响,而乙腈的影响比较大.当乙腈含量较低时,可用于双酚A的定量检测;而当乙腈含量较高时,可完全抑制均相溶液中抗体抗原之间的亲和反应,不能用于双酚A的定量分析.其原因可能是乙腈取代了一部分结合在抗体表面的水分子,导致抗体构象改变或者抗体与抗原的亲和力变化而造成的.     

空气负离子与温湿度的关系

研究了在自然条件下温度、湿度和温湿度同时改变时空气负离子浓度的变化规律。实验表明,湿度对负离子浓度有明显作用,随湿度逐渐升高(相对湿度10%～80%),负离子浓度从200个 cm3升至8000个 cm3以上,负离子浓度上升的幅度随湿度增加逐渐增大;负离子浓度也随温度升高而升高(在5～40℃之间);温湿度同时变化时,负离子浓度变化率增大。      

扬州市不同行政区域空气重金属污染评价

采用活藓监测法,选择广泛分布的小羽藓为材料,对扬州市区、高邮市、仪征市、宝应县4个区域空气中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg 7种重金属元素污染情况进行监测.利用污染因子分析法、内梅罗综合指数分析法及重金属污染潜在生态风险评价法对不同区域空气重金属危害等级进行评价.结果表明:Zn、Pb、Cd元素主要污染地区为扬州市区,Cu元素主要污染地区为仪征市,Ni、Hg元素主要污染地区为宝应县,Cr元素主要污染地区为高邮市.4个区域空气重金属均处于重度污染水平,存在强生态风险.就整体而言,7种重金属元素中Cd、Zn、Hg为主要污染元素,污染情况最为严重,而Cu、Ni污染程度相对较轻.区域间空气重金属污染特征差别显著,制造业与港口航运发达的南部仪征市、江都区等地比以农业为主的北部宝应县污染重,污染程度由高到低为扬州市区仪征市高邮市宝应县.     

小流域大气氮干湿沉降特征

大气氮沉降是陆源污染物和营养物质向水生生态系统传输的重要途径之一.在人类活动影响较大的流域,大量氮素通过大气沉降的形式输入到水体中,能够对地表水体的营养结构、水生生物的生存环境等造成严重的负面生态效应.本文以密云水库石匣小流域为例,采集并分析了研究区大气氮沉降(颗粒态干沉降与湿沉降)样品,探讨了该流域大气氮沉降通量的变化特征及其主要影响因子,进而明确了大气氮沉降对流域氮输入的贡献程度.结果表明:(1)石匣流域大气氮总沉降(颗粒态干沉降与湿沉降之和)呈现出明显的季节变化特征;对湿沉降而言,总氮、氨氮在夏季沉降通量最大,溶解性有机氮沉降通量在春季最大,而硝态氮季节变化并不明显;对颗粒态干沉降而言,总氮和氨氮的沉降通量在冬季最高;硝态氮在不同季节变化不明显,但其沉降趋势与总氮基本一致;溶解性有机氮在秋季出现最高值.(2)该流域氮沉降通量为43. 14 kg·hm-2,其中湿沉降通量占39. 85%,颗粒态干沉降通量占60. 15%.(3)降雨和风速条件是影响大气氮沉降的重要影响因子,其中雨量和雨强与氮湿沉降浓度均呈明显的负相关关系;对颗粒态干沉降而言,监测期内平均风速是影响颗粒态氨氮干沉降通量的重要因子.(4)大气氮沉降占该流域总的氮素输入量的15. 09%,是仅次于畜禽养殖和农村生活的重要污染源.本研究结果可为密云水库上游流域氮素综合管理提供科学参考.     

兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单及其时空分布特征

通过实地调研等方式获取农牧业源的活动水平,采用NARSES模型确定氮肥施用排放因子,其它排放因子通过文献调研确定,建立了2016年兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单,并进一步分析了农牧业源氨排放的时空分布特征. 2016年兰州市农牧业源大气氨排放量为9 356. 90 t;其中畜禽养殖源氨排放量7 584. 03 t,分担率81. 05%;永登县是氨排放量最大的区县,氨排放量为2 820. 59 t,分担率为30. 14%.在兰州市各区县氨排放量分担率中,畜牧业源氨排放的分担率在65. 83%～97. 38%之间;氮肥施用源的分担率在2. 27%～28. 66%之间.从空间分布来看,兰州市农牧业源氨排放主要集中在皋兰县西北部与中部、红古区东南部、七里河区东西两部与榆中县东部.从时间分布来看,畜牧业源氨排放主要集中在4～9月,氮肥施用源的氨排放主要集中在3～7月和9月,其它月份排放量相对较小.     

焦化废水回用作循环冷却水的腐蚀特性

采用静态旋转挂片法研究了焦化废水回用作循环冷却水的可行性,主要对焦化废水生化处理出水和焦化废水深度处理出水的腐蚀特性进行考察.结果表明,焦化废水生化处理出水腐蚀速率较小,仅为0.025 573 mm/a,远远低于《水处理剂缓蚀性能的测定 旋转挂片法》(GB/T18175—2000)标准值(≤0.125 mm/a),挂片表面腐蚀轻微,仅有几个点蚀,不需深度处理即可回用作循环冷却水.通过UV-Vis,FTIR及GC/MS分析可知,焦化废水生化处理出水中含有C—O,CO等极性官能团及非极性基团,与目前常用有机缓蚀剂结构相似,在回用作循环冷却水的过程中可能起到缓蚀剂的作用.