Locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT) for water disinfection

• Nanowire-assisted LEEFT is applied for water disinfection with low voltages. • LEEFT inactivates bacteria by disrupting cell membrane through electroporation. • Multiple electrodes and device configurations have been developed for LEEFT. • The LEEFT is low-cost, highly efficient, and produces no DBPs. • The LEEFT can potentially be applicable for water disinfection at all scales. Water disinfection is a critical step in water and wastewater treatment. The most widely used chlorination suffers from the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) while alternative methods (e.g., UV, O₃, and membrane filtration) are limited by microbial regrowth, no residual disinfectant, and high operation cost. Here, a nanowire-enabled disinfection method, locally enhanced electric field treatment (LEEFT), is introduced with advantages of no chemical addition, no DBP formation, low energy consumption, and efficient microbial inactivation. Attributed to the lightning rod effect, the electric field near the tip area of the nanowires on the electrode is significantly enhanced to inactivate microbes, even though a small external voltage (usually<5 V) is applied. In this review, after emphasizing the significance of water disinfection, the theory of the LEEFT is explained. Subsequently, the recent development of the LEEFT technology on electrode materials and device configurations are summarized. The disinfection performance is analyzed, with respect to the operating parameters, universality against different microorganisms, electrode durability, and energy consumption. The studies on the inactivation mechanisms during the LEEFT are also reviewed. Lastly, the challenges and future research of LEEFT disinfection are discussed.     

Biogenic palladium prepared by activated sludge microbes for the hexavalent chromium catalytic reduction: Impact of relative biomass

• Pd nanoparticles could be reduced and supported by activated sludge microbes. • The effect of biomass on Pd adsorption by microbes is greater than Pd reduction. • More biomass reduces Pd particle size, which is more dispersed on the cell surface. • When the biomass/Pd add to 6, the catalytic reduction rate of Cr(VI) reaches stable. Palladium, a kind of platinum group metal, owns catalytic capacity for a variety of hydrogenations. In this study, Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) were generated through enzymatic recovery by microbes of activated sludge at various biomass/Pd, and further used for the Cr(VI) reduction. The results show that biomass had a strong adsorption capacity for Pd(II), which was 17.25 mg Pd/g sludge. The XRD and TEM-EDX results confirmed the existence of PdNPs associated with microbes (bio-Pd). The increase of biomass had little effect on the reduction rate of Pd(II), but it could cause decreasing particle size and shifting location of Pd(0) with the better dispersion degree on the cell surface. In the Cr(VI) reduction experiments, Cr(VI) was first adsorbed on bio-Pd with hydrogen and then reduced using active hydrogen as electron donor. Biomass improved the catalytic activity of PdNPs. When the biomass/Pd (w/w) ratio increased to six or higher, Cr(VI) reduction achieved maximum rate that 50 mg/L of Cr(VI) could be rapidly reduced in one minute.     

N2O profiles in the enhanced CANON process via long-term N2H4 addition: minimized N2O production and the influence of exogenous N2H4 on N2O sources

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Production of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process is of growing...     

发酵鸡粪和有机磷肥对土壤中Pb、Cd污染的影响

研究了湘西地区常用的发酵鸡粪和有机磷肥施用对不同程度Pb、Cd复合污染土壤中乙三胺五醋酸(DTPA)提取态Pb(DTPA-Pb)、DTPA提取态Cd(DTPA-Cd)和土壤酶的影响,并研究了对于种植黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)的影响。结果表明:(1)施用发酵鸡粪和有机磷肥均能显著改善土壤酸性,一定程度上提高土壤有机质含量。在加入质量浓度200mg/kg总Pb、2mg/kg总Cd复合污染土壤中施用有机磷肥,能有效钝化土壤DTPA-Pb、DTPA-Cd,但在400mg/kg总Pb、4mg/kg总Cd复合污染土壤中钝化效果有限,其优先钝化DTPA-Pb。施用发酵鸡粪不能有效钝化土壤DTPA-Pb、DTPA-Cd。(2)施用发酵鸡粪和有机磷肥均显著提高黑麦草鲜重。虽然施用有机磷肥能更有效的钝化土壤DTPA-Pb、DTPA-Cd,但对于黑麦草种植而言,施用发酵鸡粪能更有效的降低其对Pb和Cd的积累,并且主要积累到根部。(3)施用发酵鸡粪对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、脱氢酶活性和脲酶活性有显著的促进作用。综合而言,湘西地区种植牧草黑麦草,施用发酵鸡粪比较合适,能有效改善土壤酸性,提高黑麦草鲜重和土壤酶活性,降低黑麦草对Pb和Cd的积累。     

基于环境容量的县域农用地土壤重金属风险概率预警研究

《土壤污染防治法》的正式出台,标志着我国土壤污染防治工作由"现状治理"转向"风险预防",为此开展区域土壤重金属风险预警研究具有一定的理论与现实意义。以太湖沿岸某产粮县为研究对象,以2015年为基准年,运用重金属输入-输出通量模型和土壤环境负载容量法对研究区耕地土壤中的As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Pb 5种重金属15年(2030年)与35年(2050年)后的风险概率进行预警研究。研究结果表明:大气干湿沉降成为除As以外其他4种土壤重金属的主要来源,畜禽粪便、化肥投入与灌溉水也会在一定程度上影响土壤重金属输入;此外,研究区耕层土壤中As、Cr、Pb 3种重金属整体情况较为良好,Hg、Cd污染风险概率较高,主要分布在研究区中部的O镇、P镇。通过GIS技术与区域物质流通量模型的结合能够很好地对不同区域以及不同重金属污染类型的区域进行风险预警,这可以为土壤污染差别化管控策略的制定提供重要思路。     

一起800kV罐式断路器内部故障原因分析

介绍了一起某变电站7530断路器内部闪络故障,结合现场检查、电气试验、故障录波情况确认故障点,通过气体成分及放电产物分析、故障部件电场仿真等手段综合分析800 kV罐式断路器故障原因,并提出了处理措施及建议。     

基于源网荷互动的分布式能源消纳方法

分布式能源发电的不确定性给电网公司消纳新能源带来了极大的挑战,电力物联网全域感知技术为分布式能源消纳提供了有效的数据支撑,故提出了一种基于源网荷互动的分布式能源消纳方法,构建了分布式能源总功率预测方法,采用自回归移动平均算法对新能源发电功率进行预测,并建立分布式能源发电波动影响因子,分析新能源发电波动对电网带来的影响。根据源网荷的互动情况,采用离群点自趋优算法,实现新能源机组有功功率精准控制,有效推动分布式能源的消纳。仿真验证表明：采用离群点自趋优的新能源机组控制算法能根据电网运行情况,自动调控分布式能源、电网资源,实现分布式能源最大化消纳,有效提高了园区分布式能源的经济运行水平。     

露天矿溜槽粉尘逸散规律试验研究

为探索露天矿用溜槽系统粉尘逸散的影响因素,阐明溜槽系统运输过程中粉尘的产生机理和运移规律,从而解决溜槽系统产生的粉尘污染问题,以抚顺西露天矿为研究背景,运用相似理论,建立溜槽模型,通过单因素试验和正交试验,分别研究物料粉岩质量分数、物料含水率、溜槽倾角对溜槽运行过程中粉尘质量浓度的影响。单因素试验结果表明,粉尘质量浓度随物料粉岩质量分数、溜槽倾角增大而逐渐增大,随含水率增大而逐渐降低,溜槽底部粉尘质量浓度受影响变化幅度较大,溜槽中部和上部变化较小。溜槽粉尘质量浓度分布规律为溜槽底部粉尘产生量最大,中部次之,上方最小。溜槽底部为粉尘污染防治重点区域。正交试验结果表明,物料含水率对粉尘逸散影响最大,其次是粉岩质量分数,溜槽倾角影响最小。     

海河干流流域暴雨径流非点源污染负荷解析与控制策略

随着点源污染逐渐得到有效控制,非点源污染对海河干流流域水环境污染的贡献日益增大,对其污染负荷进行科学测算成为海河干流水质达标方案制订的重要前提。基于GIS技术,通过土地利用类型划分,利用PLOAD模型对海河干流的暴雨径流非点源污染负荷进行了计算。结果表明,海河干流流域建设用地的比例依海河流向自上而下逐渐递减,而涉农用地逐渐增加,城区地表径流与农业面源污染分别是上、下游地区重要的非点源污染负荷来源。关于流域的暴雨径流非点源污染负荷,CODCr为15 619.29 t/a,NH3-N为369.16 t/a,TN为851.20 t/a,TP为250.29 t/a。为改善海河干流水质,非点源污染控制应纳入流域的污染物总量控制计划中,与点源污染一起参与环境容量的分配与控制。     

放电条件下锂离子电池热行为的研究

锂离子电池在生产生活中扮演着重要角色,为了对其热性能有更全面的了解,对锂离子电池放电条件下的热行为进行了探究。通过采集表面温度、电压、热释放速率等参数后对比发现,在可逆热与不可逆热的作用下,电池放电过程中存在明显的升温。此外,放电处理将导致电池出现更为明显的升温情况,更早发生热失控。最后,经过放电处理的锂电池在外加热源作用进而发生失控的实验过程中有着更剧烈的热失控行为,并最终释放较少的热量。