中美淡水生物区系中汞物种敏感度分布比较

通过收集无机汞对中国与美国淡水水生生物的毒性数据,构建了脊椎动物(包括鱼类)、无脊椎动物(包括节肢动物和非节肢无脊椎动物)及所有物种对汞的物种敏感度分布(SSD:species sensitivity distributions)曲线,并在此基础上对中国和美国不同类别生物对汞的敏感性分布进行了分析.结果表明:中国与美国各类生物及所有物种对汞的SSD敏感性分布曲线没有显著差异.然而,中国淡水水生物种对汞短期暴露的HC5(hazardous concentration for 5% of the species)较美国淡水物种的阈值小,尤其是非节肢无脊椎动物,汞对美国非节肢动物的HC5值是我国对应物种的7.4倍.在保护95%的物种水平下,中国不同类别试验生物对汞的敏感性排序为无脊椎动物>脊椎动物,其中节肢动物>非节肢无脊椎动物>鱼类;而对应的美国生物对汞的敏感性排序无脊椎动物>脊椎动物,其中节肢动物>鱼类>非节肢无脊椎动物.另外,中美所有节肢动物对汞的敏感性要强于所有鱼类和所有非节肢无脊椎动物.所以在使用所有物种推导水质基准时应考虑其中各类别物种敏感度分布的影响,且需要注意采用美国淡水水生物种推导的水质基准可能会对我国淡水水生物种造成"保护不足".     

不同粒径方解石在不同pH值时对磷的等温吸附特征与吸附效果

以天然方解石为材料,研究了不同pH值与不同粒径方解石对磷吸附效果的影响.实验设置了不同质量浓度磷系列溶液,加人1g不同粒径,即小于100目、100～180目、180～325目和325目的方解石,在PH值分别为9.00±0.02、7.00±0.02和6.00±0.02时.研究方解石对磷的吸附效果,并用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型对等温吸附线进行了拟合.结果表明,方解石对磷的吸附等温线能较好地用Freundlich方程来拟合.方解石的粒径越小,对磷的吸附能力越强,在本实验选取的粒径范围内,325目方解石对磷酸盐的吸附效果最好;但180～325目方解石对磷的吸附能力与325目方解石的差别不大,实际应用中,选用180～325目方解石即可取得对磷的较好的吸附效果.pH值是影响方解石吸附磷的重要因素,pH为6时,由于方解石微溶产生的Ca2 与水体中PO3-4结合形成Ca-P化合物,使其吸附磷效果较好;pH≥7时,通过方解石吸附作用、与碳酸钙共沉作用及以方解石作为结晶核的钙磷化合物结晶作用去除磷;pH为9时方解石对PO3-4吸附效果好于pH值为7时.     

ClO2消毒工艺对污水处理厂出水超级耐药基因的影响

为了研究二氧化氯（chlorine dioxide,ClO₂）消毒工艺对污水处理厂出水中超级耐药基因（super antibiotic resistance genes,SARGs）的去除效果,对污水处理厂出水消毒前后的水样进行了全年采集,并采用微孔滤膜正压过滤法及核酸吸附柱-洗脱法分别富集水中细菌和胞外核酸后,利用荧光定量PCR技术对其中的9种SARGs进行定量检测.结果表明,无论是胞内还是胞外核酸,均有NDM-1、MCR-1 和MEC-A被检测出;同时,ClO₂消毒后上述3种SARGs的胞内相对总浓度明显上升（P<0.05）,且ClO₂消毒对胞内SARGs相对浓度的影响与季节有关,其中春季、夏季和秋季均发生上升,且春季升高最为明显,达2倍,而冬季出水在消毒前后均未测出胞内SARGs;胞外SARGs则在ClO₂消毒前后没有明显浓度变化.因此,ClO₂消毒不能有效去除污水处理厂出水中胞内和胞外SARGs污染.     

Determination of ammonium on an integrated microchip with LED-induced fluorescence detection

A simply fabricated microfluidic device integrated with a fluorescence detection system has been developed for on-line determination of ammonium in aqueous samples. A 365-nm light-emitting diode (LED) as an excitation source and a minor band pass filter were mounted into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microchip for the purpose of miniaturization of the entire analytical system. The ammonium sample reacted with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) on-chip with sodium sulfite as reducing reagent to produce a fluorescent isoindole derivative, which can emit fluorescence signal at about 425 nm when excited at 365 nm. Effects of pH, flow rate of solutions, concentrations of OPA-reagent, phosphate and sulfite salt were investigated. The calibration curve of ammonium in the range of 0.018-1.8 μupg/mL showed a good linear relationship with R² = 0.9985, and the detection limit was (S/N = 3) 3.6 × 10^-4 μupg/mL. The relative standard deviation was 2.8% (n = 11) by calculating at 0.18 μupg/mL ammonium for repeated detection. The system was applied to determine the ammonium concentration in rain and river waters, even extent to other analytes fluorescence detection by the presented device.     

美国光化学污染监测的经验与启示

针对光化学污染的严峻形势,中国应尽快建立国家层面的光化学监测网络,完善光化学监测的技术体系与质量管理体系,为重点地区光化学污染防治工作提供监测数据支持。研究在总结美国光化学评估监测网络发展历程、运行及其监测目标、技术体系和质量管理体系的基础上,提出了明确光化学监测目标、制定优先监测VOCs名单、完善光化学监测技术体系和质量管理体系、建立光化学监测数据共享平台以及开展VOCs源解析等建设中国光化学监测网络的具体建议。     

Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene, tributyltin and their mixture in the spleen of Sebasticus marmoratus

It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）, a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin （TBT）, an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase （GPx） activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase （GST） activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH （glutathione） by BaP or TBT alone. MDA （malondialdehyde） contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.     

好氧颗粒污泥沉降选择实验研究与定量描述

以序批式反应器培养的成熟好氧颗粒污泥为对象,研究沉淀高度对颗粒数、比重、污泥浓度、粒径分布及选择系数的影响.结果表明,随着沉淀高度的增加,污泥浓度在沉淀时间为30 s时由0.24 mg.L-1明显增加至6.07 mg.L-1,平均粒径从450μm增加到550μm,颗粒圆形度增加12.67%,而复杂度减小13.47%,说明粒径较大、形状较规则的颗粒沉降较快,从而更易在沉降选择过程中得以保留.根据选择压原理,结合颗粒污泥沉降实验结果引入选择系数.实验和计算结果显示,在任意沉淀高度,选择系数随粒径和密度的增大而增加.随着沉淀高度的增加,直径>600～800μm的颗粒选择系数增加,小颗粒趋势与之相反,说明增大排水比有利于大颗粒保留而絮体被筛选出反应器,而低的排水比会使污泥颗粒化过程放缓.该研究结果可望对加速污泥颗粒化过程和提高其稳定性提供科学的理论依据和指导.     

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas sp. JM2 isolated from active sewage sludge of chemical plant

It is important to screen strains that can decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) completely and rapidly with good adaptability for bioremediation in a local area. A bacterial strain JM2, which uses phenanthrene as its sole carbon source, was isolated from the active sewage sludge from a chemical plant in Jilin, China and identified as Pseudomonas based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Although the optimal growth conditions were determined to be pH 6.0 and 37℃, JM2 showed a broad pH and temperature profile. At pH 4.5 and 9.3, JM2 could degrade more than 40% of fluorene and phenanthrene (50 mg/L each) within 4 days. In addition, when the temperature was as low as 4℃, JM2 could degrade up to 24% fluorene and 12% phenanthrene. This showed the potential for JM2 to be applied in bioremediation over winter or in cold regions. Moreover, a nutrient augmentation study showed that adding formate into media could promote PAH degradation, while the supplement of salicylate had an inhibitive effect. Furthermore, in a metabolic pathway study, salicylate, phthalic acid, and 9-fluorenone were detected during the degradation of fluorene or phenanthrene. In conclusion, Pseudomonas sp. JM2 is a high performance strain in the degradation of fluorene and phenanthrene under extreme pH and temperature conditions. It might be useful in the bioremediation of PAHs.     

Mn-Cu-O负载型催化剂上CO氧化性能的研究

研究了ＺｒＯ２或Ａｌ２Ｏ３负载Ｍｎ－Ｃｕ－Ｏ体系催化剂ＣＯ催化氧化活性，以及物相结构，表面氧性能与活性的关系。结果表明，锆基催化剂的氧化活性明显优于铝基催化剂，起燃温度Ｔ５０低达５０℃，ＺｒＯ２载 利于活性组份形成高活性物相，并促进表面吸附氧的脱附，表现出催化剂表面吸附氧的脱附温度高低次序与其氧化活性有一致的对应关系。     

不同磷水平下丛枝菌根真菌对纳米氧化锌生物效应的影响

纳米ZnO颗粒是应用最为广泛金属型纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)之一,对作物和土壤微生物的影响值得关注.丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)是自然界中普遍存在的植物-真菌共生体,对各种环境胁迫具有一定的抵御能力,但菌根效应受土壤和植物磷含量的影响.分别设置0、20、50、100 mg·kg~(-1)这4个磷水平,在接种或不接种AM真菌Funneliformis mosseae、添加或不添加纳米ZnO(500 mg·kg~(-1))条件下在温室中利用玉米进行土壤盆栽试验.结果表明,纳米ZnO没有显著影响玉米生长,但不利于菌根侵染和磷素吸收,并引起锌在植物体内的积累.纳米ZnO和高磷降低玉米菌根侵染,但AM真菌在所有磷水平下均显著促进植物生长.施磷和接菌均可使土壤p H升高、降低纳米ZnO源锌的生物有效性,从而降低锌向玉米地上部分的转运和积累,体现出一定保护作用.接菌在多数情况下显示出积极的菌根效应,尤其在低磷、添加纳米ZnO条件下更为显著.结果首次表明,AM真菌、磷肥均有助于减轻纳米ZnO引起的土壤污染及其所产生的生态和健康风险.