浑河底泥古菌群落结构季节性变化特征

为探究不同水期河流底泥古菌群落结构特征,选取浑河底泥为研究对象,并于2014年4月(枯水期),9月(丰水期),11月(平水期)对浑河流域进行样品采样,通过PCR-DGGE技术获得3个水期古菌的DGGE指纹图谱,并进行数据分析.结果表明,平水期的古菌多样性和种群丰度都要好于枯水期和丰水期,多样性指数均高于2.10,种群丰度均高于0.94,且上游到下游均匀度波动平缓,数值维持在0.90左右,说明平水期浑河底泥古菌群落结构变化相对稳定.聚类分析结果表明,不同水期浑河底泥古菌群落结构多样性并没有明显的地区特征,但3个水期位于城市段的采样点的古菌亲缘性较为接近.冗余梯度分析(RDA)结果表明,枯水期时水中BOD5、p H和DO是影响古菌群落的主要因素;丰水期时水中的p H和NO-3-N是影响古菌群落的主要因素;平水期时水中的TP和NO-2-N是影响古菌群落的主要因素.     

4种药剂对红阳猕猴桃根腐病的田间防治研究

以红阳猕猴桃根腐病病株为研究对象,采用大树环浇方法于4月和7月在田间各施用一次甲霜灵(1050mg a.i./L)、恶霉灵(330mg a.i./L)、木霉(5×109孢子/L)、亚磷酸盐(3000mg a.i./L)。结果表明,病株各处理间的株产量无显著差异,药剂各处理均有增产作用。以正常植株平均果重为指标,木霉处理平均果重95.89g、甲霜灵处理平均果重92.83g,与其他三个处理在0.05水平呈显著差异;恶霉灵(80.64g)和亚磷酸盐(80.54g)与对照(79.67g)无显著差异。8月份甲霜灵和木霉处理落叶率为25%,恶霉灵和亚磷酸盐落叶率分别为35.7%和39.9%,均与对照(67.11%)在0.05水平呈显著差异。综合分析,甲霜灵和木霉菌是防治红阳猕猴桃根腐病的最佳药剂。     

凤眼莲、稻草和污泥制备生物炭的特性表征与环境影响解析

有机废弃物限氧热解制备生物炭可在减缓温室气体排放的同时改善土壤和水体环境质量,但同时生物炭在环境中的应用具有潜在生态毒理风险.因此,在将生物炭大规模应用于各类环境介质前,对其关键物理-化学性质进行系统分析与评价是极为必要的.本文选择对我国水生生态环境危害最大的入侵植物凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)和我国产量最高的农业废弃物稻草,以及市政污水处理厂剩余污泥3种生物质前体,于250~550℃进行低温慢热解,对所制备生物炭的表面形貌、元素组成、矿物形态和一系列关键化学特性进行了全面表征与比较分析.在此基础上,深入探讨了此3类生物炭应用于土壤改良、重金属污染修复和水体富营养化控制的潜力与风险.结果表明,凤眼莲生物炭中K、Ca、Na、Mg含量最为丰富,指示其对于缓解土壤酸化具有重要应用价值,而其中P主要以AlPO_4晶体态存在,水溶性较低,这有利于降低此类生物炭引起水体富营养化的风险;水稻秸秆生物炭阳离子交换量(CEC)相对较高,达到33.7 cmol·kg~(-1),表明其在提高土壤保肥能力和降低重金属生物有效性方面具有较大潜力;SEM-EDX显示,凤眼莲生物炭和稻草秸秆生物炭均具有发达的束筒结构,可优先考虑用于改善土壤通气性;但是,部分生物炭中水溶性Cd、As含量超出安全阈值,表明对有机质前体和热解产物进行严格检测和筛选是实现生物炭在环境与农业中安全利用的必要环节.     

基于指标规范变换TOPSIS法的地表水环境质量评价

对于指标数较多且复杂的地表水环境,传统的TOPSIS法计算工作量大,没有规范统一的正、负理想点,且主观性强.提出基于指标规范变换的TOPSIS法,该法通过设定参照值和规范变换式对指标进行规范变换,可使不同指标同级标准处于一定范围内,且可统一确定同一级标准下的各指标正、负理想点,从而减少了计算工作量.通过将基于指标规范变换的TOPSIS法应用于延河和南宁市内河地表水环境质量评价,评价结果表明该方法准确、可靠且简单、实用.     

废旧电子线路板中铜、镍、银的连续测定

为解决废旧电子线路板金属检测过程中所遇到的金属分布不均匀以及金属难以浸取问题,采取适当的样品前处理和样品全分析法。通过对样品进行适当前处理,先灼烧破坏其有机物,再以王水全部溶解样品,在一定条件下,碘量法测定铜、原子吸收光谱法测定镍和银,相对标准偏差均小于3.5%。     

转Cry1Ac基因抗虫棉与其亲本棉花根际真菌多样性的比较

在温室条件下,利用PCR-DGGE技术和Q-PCR技术分析了两种转Cry1Ac基因抗虫棉及其亲本棉花在不同取样时期的根际真菌多样性和生物量的动态变化情况,以评价其生态安全.结果表明,转Bt基因棉与对照棉根际真菌优势条带组成在不同的取样时期极为相似,三者间差异条带多为不清晰的条带.转Bt棉SGK321根际真菌的生物量在苗期明显低于亲本对照,转Bt棉XP188根际真菌的生物量在花铃期较对照有轻微降低,其它时期两种转Bt棉根际真菌生物量没有显著降低,甚至还有增加的趋势.不过根际真菌群落结构的改变和生物量的差异不仅存在于转基因棉和其亲本对照棉之间,它同样存在于对照棉SHIYUAN321和JM20之间以及转基因棉SGK321和XP188之间.可见Bt并不是造成转基因棉和非转基因棉根际真菌群落结构差异、多样性改变和生物量减少的唯一诱因,品种的不同也对它们也有影响.     

Immigrant Pantoea agglomerans embedded within indigenous microbial aggregates：A novel spatial distribution of epiphytic bacteria

Immigrant bacteria located on leaf surfaces are important to the health of plants as well as to people who consume fresh fruits and vegetables. However, the spatial distribution and organization of these immigrant bacteria on leaf surfaces are still poorly understood. To examine the spatial organization of these strains, two bacterial strains on tobacco leaves： （1） an indigenous strain, Pseudomonas stutzeri Nov. Y2011 labeled with green fluorescent protein, and （2） an immigrant strain Pantoea agglomerans labeled with cyan fluorescent protein isolated from pear, were studied. Under moist conditions, P. agglomerans cells quickly disappeared from direct observation by laser- scanning confocal microscopy, although elution results indicated that large amounts of live cells were still present on the leaves. Following exposure to desiccation stress, particles of cyan fluorescent protein-labeled P. agglomerans were visible within cracked aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Detailed observation of sectioned aggregates showed that colonies of immigrant P. agglomerans were embedded within aggregates of P. stutzeri Nov. Y2011. Furthermore, carbon-resource partitioning studies suggested that these two species could coexist without significant nutritional competition. This is the first observation of an immigrant bacterium embedding within aggregates of indigenous bacteria on leaves to evade harsh conditions in the phyllosphere.     

沼渣生物炭基Fenton催化剂的制备及其高效降解吡虫啉农药废水的研究

以废弃物沼渣和含铁剩余污泥为原料,采用一步热解法制备沼渣生物炭基Fenton催化剂(以下简称催化剂),构建了非均相Fenton反应体系处理含吡虫啉模拟废水,考察了H2 O2和催化剂用量对吡虫啉去除率的影响.结果表明,非均相Fenton反应体系中,H2 O2最佳投加量为0.50 g/L,催化剂最佳投加量为1.00 g/L...     

A study on cometabolic bioventing for the in situ remediation of trichloroethylene

Cometabolic bioventing for removal of TCE in the unsaturated zone was studied in a soil column study using methane as growth substrate. A numerical model was developed for simulating the behavior of TCE during cometabolic bioventing. The model parameters were estimated independently through laboratory batch experiments or from the literature. Simulations were found to provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The experimental data show that a total TCE remediation efficiency of over 95% was obtained. The volatilization-to-biodegradation ratio of TCE was about 7:1 and T _c values ranging from 0.0078 to 0.07 were obtained in this methane-driven system. Due to the toxicity of the high TCE concentrations to the microbial biomass in the initial stages of the experiment, cometabolic biodegradation was enhanced and was more efficient in the later stages of cometabolic bioventing.