水体系中氧氟沙星的光化学降解研究

研究了高压汞灯和氙灯照射下氧氟沙星(OFLX)在蒸馏水、人工海水和天然海水中的光降解过程,探讨了光源、起始浓度、丙酮、表面活性剂等因素对OFLX光化学降解速率的影响.结果表明,OFLX在高压汞灯下的光反应速率比在氙灯下快得多,均符合一级反应动力学过程;在相同光源下,OFLX在海水中降解最快,其次是人工海水;当OFLX初始浓度为2、4、6mg.L-1时,其光解速率常数分别为0.163、0.140和0.132 min-1,随着OFLX初始浓度增大,其光解率降低;不同浓度的丙酮均能促进OFLX光降解的反应,其反应速率常数为0.084 2～0.102 min-1,且光敏效率与丙酮浓度呈正相关关系;然而当十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、吐温-20(TW-20)等表面活性剂的浓度为5 mg.L-1,它们均抑制了水体中OFLX光降解反应的进程.另外,利用金藻8701单种培养进行了OFLX光化学降解前后的毒性试验,表明OFLX光解过程产生风险较高的中间产物,随着光解进行,产物毒性降低.     

Simultaneous analysis of five taste and odor compounds in surface water using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In this paper, a method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to simultaneously analyze five taste and odor compounds in surface water, i.e., 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IBMP), and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin, GSM). The mass spectrometry was operated in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Three kinds of SPE columns and three eluting solvents were compared, the C18 column was chosen as optimum SPE column, and methanol was chosen as the optimum eluting solvent. It was found that the method showed good linearity in the range of 1–200 ng·L⁻¹ and gave detection limits of 0.5–1.5 ng·L⁻¹ for individual compounds. Good recoveries (93.5%–108%) and relative standard deviations (1.58%–7.31%) were also obtained. Additionally, concentrations of these taste and odor compounds in Jinan’s surface and drinking water were analyzed by applying this method, and the results showed that GSM and 2-MIB were the dominant taste and odor compounds in Jinan’s raw water.     

干热河谷林地燥红土固碳特征及"新固定"碳表观稳定性

全球气候变化背景下,森林土壤固碳能力及所固定碳的稳定性受到极大关注.基于土壤密度分组和酸水解技术,对比研究了1991年营造的大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)林不同阶段(1991、1997、2003和2010年)土壤及其物理和生化组分中有机碳密度.结果表明,造林19 a后林地表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～30 cm)土壤有机碳密度分别为1.40 kg.m-2和0.99kg.m-2.研究期内(1991～2010年)表层和亚表层土壤平均固碳速率分别为37.89 g.(m2.a)-1和16.84 g.(m2.a)-1,且土壤呈现加速固碳特征.2003年林地表层重组有机碳分配比例为71.44%,显著高于2010年(67.99%).2003年林地表层或亚表层轻组顽固性碳指数显著高于重组,但均随林龄的增加而降低,尤其是轻组顽固性碳指数.2003～2010年间燥红土"新固定"碳中57%～70%受物理保护,33%～49%为生化稳定性碳.研究揭示出干热河谷人工林燥红土具备较大的固碳能力.受物理保护碳的生化稳定性低于非保护碳,其稳定性均随林龄的增加而降低.     

FeⅡ(EDTA)络合协同RDB去除NO废气效能及过程分析

为进一步提高一氧化氮(NO)的去除效率,在新型生物转鼓反应器(rotating drum biofilter,RDB)中,以FeⅡ(EDTA)络合协同RDB生物转鼓的耦合技术强化难水溶性NO的气液传质速率,提高生物还原效能为目标进行了研究.结果表明,适量FeⅡ(EDTA)被添加到RDB底部营养液后,能迅速吸收气相中的NO并生成FeⅡ(EDTA)-NO络合物,进而可通过反硝化实现同步脱氮和络合剂再生.在转速0.5 r.min-1、空床停留时间(EBRT)57.7 s、温度30℃、pH 7～8的实验条件下,RDB的净化效能随络合剂的投加而显著改善;FeⅡ(EDTA)质量浓度从0增至500 mg.L-1后,NO去除率从61.1%提高到97.6%,去除负荷从16.2 g.(m3.h)-1上升到26.7 g.(m3.h)-1.分析了FeⅡ(EDTA)络合协同净化NO的反应过程,建立了NO净化效率与FeⅡ(EDTA)添加浓度的关联方程,可较好地拟合实验数据.     

植被净初级生产力对气候变化的响应研究——以黄土高原燕沟流域为例

Vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is a sensitive indicator to characterize the response of terrestrial ecosystems to the climate change. Projections of the NPP changes of the Loess Plateau under future climate scenarios have great significances in revealing the interactions among terrestrial ecosystems and climatic systems, as well as instructing future vegetation construction of this region. Here, we carried out a case study on the Yangou watershed in the Loess Plateau. Using the vegetation-producing process model (VPP) established for such small watersheds, we simulated the NPP of the Yangou watershed under different scenarios of climate changes. The results showed that the NPP significantly increased with the precipitation increasing and evidently decreased with the temperature increasing where the climate change occurred in the whole year or in the summer half year. However, where the climate change occurred in the winter half year, the increased precipitation had little effect on the NPP, and the increased temperature significantly reduced the NPP. There were clear differences among the response sensitivities of different vegetation types with trees and shrubs were more sensitive to the changes in temperature and precipitation than crops and grasses. Currently, the most favourable climate change scenario to the NPP in the Yangou watershed was T0P15 under which the precipitation increased by 15% and the temperature did not changed, in the whole year; in the meantime, the most unfavourable climate change scenarios was T2P-15 under which the precipitation declined by 15% and the temperature increased by 2℃, in the whole year.     

黄土高原近30年植被变化特征及其气候驱动

The use of Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data acquired with multiple satellite sensors has become a necessity in research fields such as agriculture, Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) and changes in the natural environment. In this paper, vegetation 10-day composite (VGT-S10) NDVI data with a 1 km×1 km resolution, covering the period from April 1982 to December 2011 and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI data with a 8 km×8 km resolution, covering the period from April 1998 to December 2006 were used. The VGT NDVI covering the period from 2007 to 2011 was converted to the GIMMS NDVI for the same period. The vegetation trend during 1982 to 2011 was calculated using the extended NDVI data set. Climate change has a large impact on the vegetation dynamics. A series of statistical analyses were employed to demonstrate the relationship between NDVI and meteorological data during 1982 to 2005. A multiple correlation analysis was applied to validate the association between the two climatic factors and monthly maximum NDVI (MNDVI). The partial correlation coefficient of MNDVI and each climate factor were calculated respectively to describe the singular influence of each meteorological variable. The results indicated that temperature made a significant positive influence on vegetation growth in the whole Loess Plateau. Precipitation is the most important climatic factor that closely correlates with MNDVI, particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. However, in some wet regions, precipitation is not a limiting factor on vegetation growth.     

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)⁻¹ and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol⁻¹, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.     

ε-聚赖氨酸生产废菌体对六价铬吸附影响的研究

以ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)发酵生产废菌体小白链霉菌(Streptomyces albulus)PD-1为研究对象,探讨了其对吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.实验过程中,对预处理方式、pH、初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度、吸附时间和温度等因素进行了考察.结果表明,HCl预处理的菌体具有较好的吸附能力,Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附增加率达到22.7%,最佳pH为2.0左右,温度对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附影响不大.实验过程中分别采取Langmuir和Freundlich 2种吸附等温模型对实验数据进行了拟合,得到2个模型的线性相关系数R2分别为0.979 4和0.979 8,这表明吸附过程中既存在单层吸附同时也存在复杂的多层吸附,小白链霉菌对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大理论吸附量为23.92mg.g-1.通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,酰胺基和羟基等基团在吸附过程中起主要作用.     

北运河下游典型河网区水体中氮磷分布与富营养化评价

选择北运河下游典型河网区(闸坝多、水流慢和湖库化)为研究对象,通过为期1 a的水质监控,阐述了河网区氮、磷的时空变化特征,并利用对数型幂函数普适指数公式对其水体营养状态进行了评价.结果表明,河网区水体中TN平均质量浓度为12.50 mg.L-1(NH4+-N占67.41%),TP为1.45 mg.L-1(SRP占80.81%).河网区水体中氮、磷的时空分布特征明显,TN和NO 3--N质量浓度随季节变化特征趋于一致,NH 4+-N稍有不同;TP和SRP质量浓度随季节变化特征基本一致.从河网区进水带至出水带,水体中氮、磷质量浓度均呈逐渐下降趋势,其中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N平均质量浓度分别从19.30、13.22和2.19mg.L-1降至7.98、4.45和1.50 mg.L-1;TP和SRP分别从1.95和1.59 mg.L-1降至1.11和0.91 mg.L-1.富营养化评价综合指数表明,河网区水体在时空尺度上均处于"极富"营养状态.     

太湖流域典型区域纺织行业污染特征分析

基于2009年太湖流域各市污染源统计及调查数据,分析了近年太湖流域典型区域的纺织行业空间分布特征和污染特征,利用经济贡献率、污染贡献率2项指标识别了重污染行业,利用污染物排放不公平系数、资源消耗不公平系数指标评价了不同规模企业的经济发展与污染排放及资源消耗的协调关系.结果表明,研究区内66.1％的纺织企业分布于武进区、惠山区和宜兴市.棉、化纤印染精加工业是该区域纺织行业的主导产业,企业数量占56％,经济贡献率为72.8％,工业废水、COD及氨氮等污染物贡献率分别高达88.7％,81.5％和89.1％.棉、化纤印染工业总产值小于5千万的纺织企业数量占81.6％,经济贡献率仅为0.73％,且经济贡献与污染、资源消耗贡献匹配性差,污染排放和资源消耗的不均衡性尤为突出.