好氧颗粒污泥技术处理乡镇污水应用

为研究好氧颗粒污泥技术是否适用于处理乡镇污水,采用该技术对处理规模为400 m3/d的乡镇污水处理厂进行改造,考察了污泥颗粒化过程、污染物去除效果及接种絮状污泥与好氧颗粒污泥微生物群落结构差异.结果表明,以进料负荷的交替变化作为调控措施,反应器启动后第13天污泥出现颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径0.499 mm;启动第40天污泥完全颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径1.336 mm.完全颗粒化后SBR反应器内ρ（MLSS）稳定在8~12 g/L,SVI维持在25~40 mL/g,出水ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₃-N）、ρ（TN）始终满足GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准要求.群落结构的研究结果表明,相比于接种絮状污泥,好氧颗粒污泥群落丰富度和多样性均明显减少,反硝化功能菌和聚磷菌丰度显著增加;在好氧颗粒污泥中,Nitrosomonas（亚硝化单胞菌属）、Nitrospira（硝化螺旋菌属）是主要的硝化功能菌;Dechloromonas、Clostridium sensu stricto 13（梭菌属）是主要的反硝化细菌;Aeromonas（气单胞菌属）、Clostridium sensu stricto 13（梭菌属）是主要的聚磷菌;Uncultured Xanthomonadaceae、Comamonas（丛毛单胞菌属）、Zoogloea（动胶菌属）是降解有机物的主要菌种,其中Comamonas（丛毛单胞菌属）、Zoogloea（动胶菌属）也是好氧污泥颗粒化过程中的关键菌株.      

典型旅游城市河流水体及污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸类化合物的空间分布及其前体物的转化

全氟烷基酸类化合物(perfluoroalkyl Acids,PFAAs)在各环境介质中被普遍检出,对生态环境和人体健康具有潜在风险.为探明旅游型城市不同水体PFAAs污染特征及其前体物对污染的贡献,以典型旅游型城市——日照市为例,基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱,结合WAX固相萃取及羟基自由基氧化等方法,系统分析了日照市主要河流水体和污水厂出水中15种PFAAs及其3种前体物的含量水平和空间分布特征,探讨PFAAs前体物的转化潜力及其对污染的贡献.结果表明,在上述水体中15种PFAAs普遍被检出,前体物中只有全氟辛基磺酰胺(perfluorooctane sulfoneamide,FOSA)被检出;在河流水体和污水厂出水中总质量浓度(ΣPFAAs)分别为3. 79~45. 58 ng·L~(-1)和54. 04~105. 64 ng·L~(-1),其中质量浓度较高的污染物是全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctanesulfonic acid,PFOS)、全氟己烷磺酸(perfluorohexanesulfonic acid,PFHx S)、全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoic acid,PFNA).河流水体ΣPFAAs明显低于污水厂出水,河流下游水体高于上游.运用羟基自由基氧化法对样品进行氧化处理后,所有样品PFAAs的质量浓度都明显升高;相对于河流水体,污水厂出水中碳原子数为4~12的全氟羧酸类化合物(perfluorinated carboxylic acids,PFCAs)浓度增加值(ΣΔPFCAC4~C12)更高,这可能是由于PFAAs前体物在污水处理过程中降解所致.研究成果可为旅游城市新型污染物环境污染防治提供数据支撑和技术借鉴.     

金佛山不同高程岩溶泉初春时期溶解态脂类生物标志物研究

为探究金佛山不同高程的表层岩溶泉入春时期溶解有机质的来源和转化特点,于2017年1、2和4月分别在水房泉(2045 m)和碧潭泉(730 m)进行采样,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中脂类生物标志物(溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸)的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,水房泉和碧潭泉溶解态正构烷烃(T-ALK)含量变化范围分别为1546~19314 ng·L~(-1)和1089~12234 ng·L~(-1),平均含量分别为8036、5553ng·L~(-1);脂肪酸变化范围分别为4163~13048 ng·L~(-1)和5519~10079 ng·L~(-1),平均含量分别为8039和8421 ng·L~(-1).由于春季气温回升和降水增多,正构烷烃和脂肪酸含量总体均处于上升趋势.同时,基于正构烷烃分子参数CPI、OEP、TAR、L/H发现,溶解态正构烷烃以细菌源为主,高等植物源输入逐月升高,以低海拔处的碧潭泉变化更为显著.溶解态脂肪酸1、2月以细菌源为主,4月以真菌源和高等植物源脂肪酸为主,细菌源比重依然较高,且因不同海拔的生境不同导致碧潭泉的水生生物输入较水房泉更稳定.     

“大数据”预测分析与三丁基锡暴露有关疾病

通过毒理学“大数据”,挖掘三丁基锡（TBT）潜在的生物影响信息,预测分析TBT暴露与人类相关疾病的关系.通过比较毒理组学数据库（CTD）搜集到488个和TBT具有相互作用的基因.基因相互作用网络图显示TP53拥有相关联基因最多,处于中心地位;其次是ESR1和FN1.CTD分析与TBT相关的疾病,发现前10类疾病分别是癌症、神经系统疾病、心血管疾病、泌尿生殖系统疾病（女）、消化系统疾病、代谢疾病、泌尿生殖系统疾病（男）、内分泌系统疾病、免疫系统疾病、呼吸道疾病.KEGG通路和DAVID基因功能注释分析,发现TBT不仅和代谢性疾病有较高的关联性,其相互作用基因在糖代谢途径上亦有较密集的基因功能注释.PASS的活性预测也发现TBT可能影响多种与糖代谢相关的酶生物活性.这提示TBT对糖代谢相关疾病的影响应引起人们的注意.     

Characteristics of microbial community functional structure of a biological coking wastewater treatment system

Nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds are key pollutants in coking wastewater; however, the functional potential of microbial communities for biodegradation of such contaminants during biological treatment is still elusive. Herein, a high throughput functional gene array (GeoChip 5.0) in combination with Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencing was used to compare and characterize the microbial community functional structure in a long run (500 days) bench scale bioreactor treating coking wastewater, with a control system treating synthetic wastewater. Despite the inhibitory toxic pollutants, GeoChip 5.0 detected almost all key functional gene (average 61,940 genes) categories in the coking wastewater sludge. With higher abundance, aromatic ring cleavage dioxygenase genes including multi ring1,2diox; one ring2,3diox; catechol represented significant functional potential for degradation of aromatic pollutants which was further confirmed by Illumina HiSeq2500 analysis results. Response ratio analysis revealed that three nitrogenous compound degrading genes- nbzA (nitro-aromatics), tdnB (aniline), and scnABC (thiocyanate) were unique for coking wastewater treatment, which might be strong cause to increase ammonia level during the aerobic process. Additionally, HiSeq2500 elucidated carbozole and isoquinoline degradation genes in the system. These findings expanded our understanding on functional potential of microbial communities to remove organic nitrogenous pollutants; hence it will be useful in optimization strategies for biological treatment of coking wastewater.     

Monitoring of 943 organic micropollutants in wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants with secondary and advanced treatment processes

To perform a systematic survey on the occurrence and removal of micropollutants during municipal wastewater treatment, 943 semi-volatile organic chemicals in 32 wastewater samples including influents of secondary treatments, secondary effluents and final effluents(effluents of advanced treatments), which were collected from seven full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants(MWTPs) in China, were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) coupled with an automated identification and quantification system with a database(AIQS-DB). In total, 196 and 145 chemicals were detected in secondary and final effluents, respectively. The majority of the total concentrations(average removal efficiency, 87.0%±5.9%) of the micropollutants were removed during secondary treatments. However, advanced treatments achieved different micropollutant removal extents from secondary effluents depending on the different treatment processes employed. Highly variable removal efficiencies of total concentrations(32.7%–99.3%) were observed among the different advanced processes. Among them,ozonation-based processes could remove 70.0%–80.9% of the total concentrations of studied micropollutants. The potentially harmful micropollutants, based on their detection frequency and concentration in secondary and final effluents, were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)(2-methylnaphthalene, fluoranthene, pyrene, naphthalene and phenanthrene), phosphorus flame retardants(tributyl phosphate(TBP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate(TDCP)), phthalates(bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)), benzothiazoles(benzothiazole,2-(methylthio)-benzothiazol, and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone) and phenol. This study indicated that the presence of considerable amounts of micropollutants in secondary effluent creates the need for suitable advanced treatment before their reuse.     

多级驯化嗜酸菌淋滤电子废弃物拆解地土壤重金属的效果

冶金用嗜酸性硫杆菌的驯化材料多为单一重金属,为了解决驯化后菌种在处理多种类重金属污染的土壤时存在效果不佳的问题,将电子废弃物拆解地实际污染的土壤作为驯化材料,分析了不同驯化周期内嗜酸性硫杆菌对污染土壤中重金属的去除效果。结果表明,电子废弃物拆解地土壤以Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Ni污染为主。经不同代时的驯化,嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxi-dans,A. f菌)和嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxi-dans,A. t菌)的生长pH值下降幅度不同,培养液中氧化还原电位(φ)均有所上升,表明其生物活性有所提高。重金属质量比对菌种的生物活性和产酸能力有一定的影响,多级驯化可提高菌种对重金属的去除能力。A. f菌对Zn、Ni、Cd、Cu、As的去除率均优于A. t菌,其中A. f菌对Cd的去除率高于A. t菌2倍以上,为79. 2%,但A. t菌对Pb的去除率优于A. f菌,可达66. 6%。     

关于完善《中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法（草案三次审议稿）》的思考与建议:基于劳动力健康视角

基于劳动力健康视角,研究近期公开征求意见的《中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法(草案三次审议稿)》,为进一步完善提供技术支撑。依据循证决策的原理,针对法律草案的相关内容,梳理研究涉及劳动力人群和职业健康的国内外法律和实践。研究结果表明:保障劳动力健康的有关表述,在法律草案的总则、基本医疗卫生服务、医疗卫生机构、医疗卫生人员、健康促进5章仍需要强化,为此提出了14条具体建议和修改意见。     

2013-2015年十堰市环境空气质量变化趋势分析研究

利用十堰市空气自动监测站的监测数据,采用综合指数、空气质量指数(AQI)和Spearman秩相关系数法等评价方法,研究十堰市2013年-2015年环境空气质量变化情况及其影响因素,为城市的大气污染防治提供治理思路.结果表明:2013年-2015年十堰市城区空气质量逐年好转,除PM10和PM2.5外,其他因子均达标,污染物贡献比例中,PM10和PM2.5污染负荷占比超过50%,为主要污染物;十堰市城区空气质量整体呈夏季较好,冬季较差的趋势;全市中开发区铁二处空气质量较好,张湾区刘家沟空气质量较差;结合自然因素和人为因素,综合分析空气质量的变化情况,通过调整能源结构、减少污染源排放和使用清洁能源等多项措施,并注意季节特征和加强预警预报工作,进而改善空气质量.     

Aerobic N2O emission for activated sludge acclimated under different aeration rates in the multiple anoxic and aerobic process

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas that can be emitted during biological nitrogen removal. N₂O emission was examined in a multiple anoxic and aerobic process at the aeration rates of 600 mL/min sequencing batch reactor (SBR_L) and 1200 mL/min (SBR_H). The nitrogen removal percentage was 89% in SBR_L and 71% in SBR_H, respectively. N₂O emission mainly occurred during the aerobic phase, and the N₂O emission factor was 10.1% in SBR_L and 2.3% in SBR_H, respectively. In all batch experiments, the N₂O emission potential was high in SBR_L compared with SBR_H. In SBR_L, with increasing aeration rates, the N₂O emission factor decreased during nitrification, while it increased during denitrification and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). By contrast, in SBR_H the N₂O emission factor during nitrification, denitrification and SND was relatively low and changed little with increasing aeration rates. The microbial competition affected the N₂O emission during biological nitrogen removal.