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31.
不同氮源和曝气方式对淡水藻类生长的影响 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10
利用水族箱微宇宙研究了2种氮源水体中不同曝气条件对藻类生长的影响.试验使用铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)作为氮源,每种氮源水体分别设置不曝气、连续曝气、昼间曝气和夜间曝气4个处理.结果显示:试验初期以NH4+-N为主要氮源的水体中藻类生长明显好于以NO3--N为主要氮源的水体.试验后期则以NO3--N为主要氮源的藻类生长情况更好.连续曝气对于2种氮源水体中藻类生长有着不同的影响;昼间曝气对2种氮源的藻类生长影响不大;而夜间曝气对藻类生长有明显的抑制作用.NH4+-N含量较高的水体中蓝藻容易成为优势种,而NO3--N含量高的水体中则以绿藻为主.不同曝气条件下藻类优势种没有明显差别. 相似文献
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Andrea L. Clements Yuling Jia Allison Denbleyker Elena McDonald-Buller Matthew P. Fraser David T. Allen Donald R. Collins Edward Michel Jayanth Pudota David Sullivan Yifang Zhu 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(30):4523-4534
Spatial gradients of vehicular emitted air pollutants were measured in the vicinity of three roadways in the Austin, Texas area: (1) State Highway 71 (SH-71), a heavily traveled arterial highway dominated by passenger vehicles; (2) Interstate 35 (I-35), a limited access highway north of Austin in Georgetown; and (3) Farm to Market Road 973 (FM-973), a heavily traveled surface roadway with significant truck traffic. A mobile monitoring platform was used to characterize the gradients of CO and NOx concentrations with increased distance from each roadway, while concentrations of carbonyls in the gas-phase and fine particulate matter mass and composition were measured at stationary sites upwind and at one (I-35 and FM-973) or two (SH-71) downwind sites. Regardless of roadway type or wind direction, concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) returned to background levels within a few hundred meters of the roadway. Under perpendicular wind conditions, CO, NO and NOx concentrations decreased exponentially with increasing distance perpendicular to the roadways. The decay rate for NO was more than a factor of two greater than for CO, and it comprised a larger fraction of NOx closer to the roadways than further downwind suggesting the potential significance of near roadway chemical processing as well as atmospheric dilution. Concentrations of most carbonyl species decreased with distance downwind of SH-71. However, concentrations of acetaldehyde and acrolein increased farther downwind of SH-71, suggesting chemical generation from the oxidation of primary vehicular emissions. The behavior of particle-bound organic species was complex and further investigation of the size-segregated chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) at increasing downwind distances from roadways is warranted. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass concentrations, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations generally exhibited concentrations that decreased with distance downwind of SH-71. Concentrations of organic carbon (OC) increased from upwind concentrations immediately downwind of SH-71 and continued to increase further downwind from the roadway. This behavior may have primarily resulted from condensation of semi-volatile organic species emitted from vehicle sources with transport downwind of the roadway. 相似文献
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Yifang Zhu Jayanth Pudota Donald Collins David Allen Andrea Clements Allison DenBleyker Matt Fraser Yuling Jia Elena McDonald-Buller Edward Michel 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(30):4513-4522
Vehicular emitted air pollutant concentrations were studied near three types of roadways in Austin, Texas: (1) State Highway 71 (SH-71), a heavily traveled arterial highway dominated by passenger vehicles; (2) Interstate 35 (I-35), a limited access highway north of Austin in Georgetown; and (3) Farm to Market Road 973 (FM-973), a heavily traveled surface roadway dominated by truck traffic. Air pollutants examined include carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and carbonyl species in the gas-phase. In the particle phase, ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations (diameter < 100 nm), fine particulate matter (PM2.5, diameter < 2.5 μm) mass and carbon content and several particle-bound organics were examined. All roadways had an upwind stationary sampling location, one or two fixed downwind sample locations and a mobile monitoring platform that characterized pollutant concentrations fall-off with increased distance from the roadways. Data reported in this paper focus on UFP while other pollutants and near-roadway chemical processes are examined in a companion paper. Traffic volume, especially heavy-duty traffic, wind speed, and proximity to the road were found to be the most important factors determining UFP concentrations near the roadways. Since wind directions were not consistent during the sampling periods, distances along wind trajectories from the roadway to the sampling points were used to study the decay characteristics of UFPs. Under perpendicular wind conditions, for all studied roadway types, particle number concentrations increased dramatically moving from the upwind side to the downwind side. The elevated particle number concentrations decay exponentially with increasing distances from the roadway with sharp concentration gradients observed within 100–150 m, similar to previously reported studies. A single exponential decay curve was found to fit the data collected from all three roadways very well under perpendicular wind conditions. No consistent pattern was observed for UFPs under parallel wind conditions. However, regardless of wind conditions, particle concentrations returned to background levels within a few hundred meters of the roadway. Within measured UFP size ranges, smaller particles (6–25 nm) decayed faster than larger ones (100–300 nm). Similar decay rates were observed among UFP number, surface, and volume. 相似文献
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本文提出了构建化工石化集中区规划环评指标体系的基本思路与程序。基本思路是从目标导向、影响识别、问题约束三个层面分析与筛选指标。基本程序包括三个步骤,首先以园区的规划功能定位分析为导向,从国内外化工石化集中区相关标准中筛选出基础指标;其次通过影响识别法和规划内容分析进行二次筛选指标;最后通过专家咨询和公众参与对指标进行最终筛选,形成一套适合集中区的规划环评指标体系。以某化工石化集中区应用了该方法,从规划合理性、规划相容性、规划实施环境影响、规划实施资源影响以及规划实施社会经济构建了五大类37项指标。 相似文献
38.
生态岛建设过程中环境类指标构建研究——以崇明岛为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
提出了将压力 状态 响应(PSR)模型与系统分析法理论集成起来构建生态岛建设过程中环境类指标的方法和步骤。指标构建过程分为4个步骤:(1)首先利用已有生态区域(岛)相关环境类指标确定备选指标集;(2)利用PSR模型对指标逻辑关系进行分析筛选;(3)以2010年为近期目标年,利用系统分析法确定指标核心要素,得到二次筛选指标;(4)以2030年为远期目标年,以综合性和动态性为依据确定最终指标。以上海市崇明岛为例,确定水、气、土为核心考核要素,构建了基于崇明生态岛建设过程的近期及远期目标的环境类考核指标体系。指标评价结果表明,崇明生态岛建设过程中环境类综合指数为72,其中环境压力指数、环境质量指数、环境保护指数分别为85、80和51,与崇明岛实际较为吻合。部分研究结果已在崇明岛生态建设过程中得到实际应用。 相似文献
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六自由度气锤振动与电磁斜面振动是两种模拟产品三轴振动的振动技术。由于两种振动技术的机理不同,其对样品的振动影响也会有区别。本文研究讨论两种不同振动技术的不同特点,以及对不同产品的振动效果别,我们可以根据样品特点和测试需求,选择更合适的震动技术。 相似文献
40.
采用气体实验法对PPS滤料在SO2气体中腐蚀失效的过程进行了研究.通过实验前后PPS滤料的机械特性、微观特征和化学结构的分析,认为PPS对SO2气体具有良好的耐腐蚀性.但是,随着SO2气体温度的升高,时间的延长及气体体积比提高,PPS 针刺毡滤料的性能有所下降,尤其是高温能加快腐蚀效果.为了延长使用寿命,应使其工作参数在限定的范围内: 在SO2体积比高于700 mL/m3时,应对烟气进行预处理使其体积比低于实验值,或者使烟气的温度控制在170 ℃以下; 如果烟气中SO2体积比超过预定值,烟气温度又高于170 ℃,则PPS针刺毡滤料连续使用时间应不超过96 h. 相似文献