UASB反应器中颗粒污泥的沉降性能与终端沉降速度

从流体力学角度,通过建立沉降速度模型探讨了UASB反应器中颗粒污泥的沉降性能与终端沉降速度．计算结果表明,(1)绝大多数颗粒污泥的沉降过程属于过渡区(1＜Re＜100)而非层流区,其沉降速度与直径成正比,可用Allen公式进行计算;(2)颗粒污泥的终端沉降速度远高于厌氧反应器中废水的上流速度,其良好的沉降性能解决了在高负荷情况下污泥的流失问题．所建模型能较好地反映实际条件下的情况．为厌氧反应器的工艺设计与正常运行提供理论依据．     

Growth responses of Picea mongolica seedlings to defoliation rate

Picea mongolica W. D. Xu. is an endemic species in China. The spruce forest is only found in semi-arid habitat in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Based on the simulative defoliation experiment, it was proved that Picea mongolica seedlings had the compensatory and overcompensatory effects under the certain defoliation rate. The results of variance analysis on growth indexes showed that in PM I (natural regeneration seedlings under Picea mongolica forest), the differences of H1 (height in June 23 ) and H2 (height in September 3) were extremely significant, and the difference of D(diameter at the breast height) were not significant. In PM Ⅱ (artificial regeneration seedlings under Betula platyphylla Suk. forest), the difference of H1 was significant, the difference of H2 was not significant, and the difference of D was extremely significant. The regression equations were established and the compensatory and overcompensatory points were obtained. In PM I, the compensatory points of H1, H2, and D were 0.7628, 0.7436, 0.5725, and the overcompensatory points were 0.6056, 0.5802 and 0.2909 respectively. In PM Ⅱ, the compensatory points of H1, H2, and D are 0.5012, 0.3421, 0.2488, and the overcompensatory points are 0.4137, 0.2633 and 0.0747 respectively. These results suggested that the induction of compensatory growth mechanisms in spruce seedlings required a threshold level of defoliation, and the insects in Picea mongolica forest could be controlled in a certain de clree.     

On-line optical determination of floc size of Fe(Ⅲ) coagulants

This study investigated the floc aggregation, average floc size, floc size variance and floc growth velocity when ferric chloride （FeCl3） and polyferric chloride （PFC） were used to treat the simulated water samples. The factors including coagulant dose, ionic strength and solution pH, which affect the floc aggregation, were studied. Experiments were carried out in a bench-scale reactor using photometric dispersion analyzer （ PDA）. Results showed that there were great differences between the floc aggregation of PFC and FeCl3. The average floc size and fioc growth velocity of PFC were much larger than those of FeCl3. Compared with FeCl3, PFC gave a better coagulation performance in wider range of pH, dosage and ionic strength. It was also found that the coagulation efficiency of PFC did not depend on average floc size but on floc growth velocity.     

Sorption of pyrene on two paddy soils and their particle-size fractions

In the present study, the sorption of pyrene on two kinds of bulk paddy soils, Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosols, and Ferric accumulic Stagnic Anthrosols as well as their particle-size fractions was investigated. The sorption isotherms fitted well with Freundlich equation. For both soils, the clay fraction（ 〈 2μm） and coarse sand fraction（2000-250μm） had higher sorption capacity than fine sand fraction（250-20 μm） and silt fraction（20-2 μm）. The IogKoc values obtained of each soil and its particle-size fractions were similar, proving that SOM content was a key factor affecting pyrene sorption. The Kd values showed a significant correlation with contents of dithionite-extractable Fe in both paddy soils and a good relationship with CEC in Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosols, indicating possible effects of surface properties of particle-size fractions on the sorption of pyrene.     

采用钙钛矿型催化剂(La0.8K0.2Cu0.05Mn0.95O3)同时催化去除NOx和碳烟的研究

将钙钛矿型催化剂与碳烟均匀混合后置于固定床连续流动反应体系中,利用程序升温反应技术,在模拟柴油机尾气的情况下对同时催化去除氮氧化物(NOx)和碳烟的反应进行了实验研究.通过改变含Cu原料的用量,得到不同Cu取代量的催化剂La0.8K0.2CuxMn1-xO3,性能评价结果表明,La0.8K0.2Cu0.05Mn0.95O3催化剂的综合性能较好,碳烟的起燃温度及NO向N2的最大转化率分别为280℃和58.0%.采用该催化剂,进一步考察了进气中NO浓度、O2浓度、进气总流量及催化剂与碳烟的接触状况对反应的影响.研究结果表明,进气中NO浓度、O2浓度、气体总流量和催化剂与碳烟之间的接触状况对NO的去除率的影响比较明显,而对碳烟起燃温度的影响较小.O2浓度从5%变为7.5%时,碳烟的起燃温度及最大NO转化率分别从280℃和53.8%变为270℃和96.7%.碳烟与催化剂松散接触时,碳烟的起燃温度及最大NO转化率分别为290℃和48.4%,紧密接触时分别为275℃和70.4%.而进气中NO浓度、气体总流量的变化对碳烟的燃烧基本上没有影响,虽然NO的转化率有明显变化,但生成的N2总量基本不变.     

外控电势对Ch-1菌株生长及Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响

为进一步优化Ch-1菌株对碱性含铬废水的处理及铬渣的解毒效果,以细菌总数和6价铬的还原率为指标,详细考察了外控电位对Ch-1菌株生长及Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响.结果表明,电极材料对细菌生长及其活性有一定的影响,不锈钢电极和铂电极体系对细菌生长及活性的影响基本相同,而采用石墨电极细菌的培养效果欠佳.静态培养和动态培养Ch-1菌株时,Cr(Ⅵ)的最终还原率与初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度无关,24h时Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率均达到了100%;但就还原过程而言,动态培养对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原速率明显优于静态培养,外控电势能够增强或抑制Ch-1菌株的生长及活性,0～-900 mV的负电位可以促进细菌的生长,而400 mV以上的正电势对Ch-1菌株的生长有抑制作用.在-800～ 200 mV的电势范围内,Ch-1菌株还原6价铬的能力得到增强,在此范围外其还原能力受到抑制.     

模拟消落带水华暴发行为的数值沙堆模型

以长江最大支流汉江近年来水华污染的现场资料为例,通过氮磷浓度、水温、流速和光照等实测数据构建了消落带开放水域环境体系的数值沙堆模型,描述了藻类生长及水华暴发的动力学机制;利用数值沙堆系统崩塌行为反映出的频率-尺度幂律关系作为判断消落带水域是否暴发水华以及规模大小的依据,采用有限尺度标度分析从不同侧面验证了水华暴发系统的自组织临界性,并揭示出各种拟合参数与水华暴发规模之间的定量关系.研究表明,沙堆模型如果存在良好的幂律关系,相应的消落带水域将暴发水华,且幂律指数越大,水华污染程度越严重.     

纳米金红石TiO2的转晶及声催化降解偶氮品红的研究

利用超声波结合过氧化氢(H2O2)使纳米金红石型TiO2转晶,制备出了大约含有30%锐钛相的转晶纳米TiO2.通过TiO2催化超声降解偶氮品红的研究证实了转晶纳米TiO2粉末具有明显的声催化活性.除此之外,还考察了各种因素对转晶纳米TiO2催化超声降解偶氮品红反应的影响.结果表明,在转晶纳米TiO2催化剂的作用下,偶氮品红的超声降解效果明显优于使用纳米金红石型和纳米锐钛型TiO2的情况.偶氮品红的声催化降解过程符合一级动力学反应.在超声波频率40 kHz、输出功率50 W、催化剂用量1000 mg·L-1、pH为5.00、温度为20℃、偶氮品红水溶液初始浓度20 mg·L-1的条件下,照射40 min时的降解率即可达到75%以上.     

二价铜离子对川蔓藻(Ruppia maritima)的毒害作用研究

采用室内培养试验方法,研究了水体中二价铜离子(Cu2 )对耐盐沉水植物川蔓藻的毒害作用.试验针对叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和POD活性3项指标进行分析.结果表明,川蔓藻对低浓度铜离子的胁迫会产生一定的适应性,在Cu2 ≤1 mg·L-1的情况下对川蔓藻生长不会造成明显影响.Cu2 达到或超过5 mg·L-1就会使川蔓藻植株的生理生化指标出现明显变化,生长也会受到抑制.在试验条件下,铜离子浓度越高,植株受到的伤害越严重.     

Ni2+对2-氯酚厌氧降解系统的影响

针对重金属对难降解有毒有机物厌氧降解的影响问题,采用间歇试验法研究Ni2 对2-氯酚(2-CP)厌氧降解系统的影响规律.结果表明,当ρ(Ni2 )＜5 mg/L时,Ni2 对2-CP厌氧降解表现出轻度促进,当ρ(Ni2 )为5～500 mg/L,Ni2 以抑制作用为主,抑制作用随ρ(Ni2 )的增加而增强.Ni2 对原基质及关键中间产物苯酚和苯甲酸的抑制程度表现为:苯酚＞苯甲酸＞2-CP;ρ(Ni2 )低时的驯化能有效提高厌氧污泥对Ni2 毒性的耐受性能,300 mg/L Ni2 对2-CP降解的抑制从驯化前的65%降至驯化后的21%.Ni2 对2-CP厌氧降解的抑制作用与污泥中Ni的截留量之间存在正相关关系.抑制浓度CIP值和方程αC=[1-(I/I*)m]/[1 (I/I*)n)]能较好地表征厌氧生物处理过程受抑制程度.