Impact of urbanization on natural ecosystem service values: a comparative study

With rapid population growth and rural to-urban migration in many Chinese cities, a large amount of natural lands have been converted to urban and agricultural lands recently. During this process of land conversion, economic development and quality of life improvement are considered as major goals, and their influences on ecological systems have often been neglected. The degradation of natural ecological systems due to land use change, however, has become severe,and may require immediate attentions from urban planners and local governments. Taking HaDaQi industrial corridor, Heilongjiang Province, China,as a case study area, this paper examined the trend of land use changes during 1990–2005, and quantified their influences on natural eco system service values. In particular, this study applied two major valuation methods, and examined whether different valuation methods generate significantly different results. Analysis of results suggests that human dominated land uses (e.g., urban and agriculture)have expanded rapidly at the cost of natural lands (e.g., wetlands and forest). Due to these land use changes, the total ecosystem service value decreased 29% (2.26% annually) from 1990 to 2005 when the first method was applied, and this rate is estimated to be 15.7% (1.13% annually)with the second approach. Moreover, the annual rate of ecosystem service value decline during 2000–2005 is about four times higher than that in 1990–2000 with both methods, suggesting much more severe ecosystem degradation during 2000–2005.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of the Chinese mitten crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriocheir sinensis</Emphasis> in its native range

The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis is an indigenous and economically important species in China, but can also be found as invasive species in Europe and America. Mitten crabs have been exploited extensively as a food resource since the 1990s. Despite its ecological and economic importance, the genetic structure of native mitten crab populations is not well understood. In this paper, we investigated the genetic structure of mitten crab populations in China by screening samples from ten locations covering six river systems at six microsatellite loci. Our results provide further evidence that mitten crabs from the River Nanliujiang in Southern China are a genetically differentiated population within the native range of Eriocheir, and should be recognized as a separate taxonomic unit. In contrast, extremely low levels of genetic differentiation and no significant geographic population structure were found among the samples located north of the River Nanliujiang. Based on the reproductive biology of mitten crabs and the geography of their habitat we argue that both natural and human-mediated gene flow are unlikely to fully account for the similar allele frequency distributions at microsatellite loci. Large population sizes of mitten crabs suggest instead that a virtual absence of genetic drift and significant homoplasy of microsatellite alleles have contributed to the observed pattern. Furthermore, a coalescent-based maximum likelihood method indicated a more than two-fold lower effective population size of the Southern population compared to the Northern Group and low but significant levels of gene flow between both areas.     

带翼斜板设备处理石油污水的研究

在多层斜极分离设备的斜板下方安装一系列与料板垂直的翼板，构成了带翼斜板设备。把该设备用于石油污水的脱油处理，研究发现其具有较高的脱油效率和脱油深度。在进口含油浓度介于200～600mg／L之间，停留时间27.6min，平均脱油效率可达93．8％，出口平均含油浓度为1．8mg／L，粒径大于40μm的油滴基本均可脱除。文中还对进口含油浓度在300～400mg／L之间的出口含油浓度与表面负荷率的关系进行了论述。     

对我国海洋环境监测工作的若干建议

本文在回顾和总结我国海洋环境监测多年成就的基础上，分析了海洋环境质量发展的趋势，指出随着沿海经济及海洋资源开发活动的深入发展，近岸海洋环境将面临的前所未有的压力。为此，未来我国海洋环境监测的重点是近岸水域，尤其是各类入海污染源及其邻近海域，监工作必须由近海向近岸及重点海域转移。     

小城镇环境污染与防治

发展小城镇是我国城市化过程的必由之路,但小城镇在快速发展的过程中产生了很多环境问题,本文分析了产生这些问题的原因,并提出了环境保护的对策及措施。     

强震前淮北台地倾斜短临异常的探讨

地倾斜观测是目前我国作为探索地震前兆的重要手段之一,实践证明地倾斜与地震存在着一定的对应关系.本文尝试利用淮北台FSQ型及JB型倾斜仪的观测结果,通过分析,获取与全球、全国强震有关的短临前兆信息以及总结其基本特征,得到了一些经验性认识.     

铁路煤扬尘抑尘试验研究

抑尘剂溶液喷洒在煤堆表面后,能使其表面粘结形成具有一定强度的硬壳,具有防尘作用.试验测定了未喷抑尘剂和喷有不同抑尘剂的煤样在30 m/s风速下的扬尘浓度,并在黑龙江省鸡西市华峰洗煤厂进行了现场试验.试验结果表明,喷洒抑尘剂对铁路煤运中煤抑尘效果有一定改善.铁路煤运过程中应用该抑尘剂不仅可以减少扬尘、保护环境,而且还可减少煤的流失.     

最大熵(Maxent)模型在物种栖息地研究中的应用

最大熵(Maxent)模型是以生态位理论为基础的新兴研究领域,它通过有限的物种分布点数据及其相关的环境信息组成训练样本,利用基于数据驱动的机器学习理论分析推算出物种的生态需求,然后将运算结果投射至不同的时间和空间中预测物种的潜在分布和实际分布.近年来,该模型在生态学和生物多样性保护等研究中越发重要,文章介绍了Maxent模型的基本原理,从物种栖息地需求分析、气候变化对物种分布的影响、物种入侵监测以及自然保护区的选择和规划设计等方面阐述Maxent模型在物种栖息地研究中的应用.     

How can government environmental enforcement and corporate environmental responsibility consensus reduce environmental emergencies?

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Environmental emergencies have become a severe challenge to human society due to their great harmfulness, which seriously restrict the sustainable...     

风险管理标准在环境监测站的应用研究

环境监测是环保工作的重要组成部分,任务重、责任大、社会关注度高,基层环境监测站更处在风口浪尖,面临着监测质量风险、岗位职务风险、败诉追责风险、廉政纪检风险等一系列风险.2013年两高环境司法解释出台后,环境监测数据可直接作为司法证据,这对基层环境监测站提出更新、更高的要求.该文章介绍了运用《风险管理原则与实施指南》(GB/T 24353-2009)进行环境监测站风险管理的方法.