The integration of methanogenesis with denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in an expaned granular sludge bed reactor

The integration of methanogenesis with denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) was studied in an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor in this work. Experimental results from the continuous treatment of wastewater with nitrite and ammonium, which lasted for 107 days, demonstrated that wastewater with high nitrite and ammonium could be anaerobically treated in an expanded granular sludge bed reactor. More than 91% to 97% of COD were removed at up to about 3.9 g COD/(L x d) of COD volumetric loading rate. More than 97% to 100% of nitrite was denitrified at up to about 0.8 g NO2(-) -N/(L x d), which is 16 times higher than that in a conventional activated sludge system with nitrification/denitrification (0.05 gN/(L x d)). No dissimilatory reduction of nitrite to ammonium occurred in the process. However, maximum of about 40% ammonium was found to be lost. Batch tests of 15 days with sludge from the reactor showed that 100% of nitrite was denitrified completely, and about 3% of ammonium was removed when only ammonium (34.3 mg/L) and nitrite (34.3 mg/ L) were added into the sludge suspension medium. Furthermore, about 15% of ammonium amounts were lost with organic COD addition. It suggested that the methanogenesis in the system could enhance ANAMMOX because of intermediate hydrogen produced during methanogenesis.     

Removal of odors and VOCs in municipal solid waste comprehensive treatment plants using a novel three-stage integrated biofilter: Performance and bioaerosol emissions

• TSIBF was composed of ABRS, FRS and HBRS. • THIBF can effectively remove various odors, VOCs and bioaerosols. • Different reaction segments in TSIBF can remove different types of odors and VOCs. • TSIBF can reduce the emission of bioaerosols through enhanced interception. A novel three-stage integrated biofilter (TSIBF) composed of acidophilic bacteria reaction segment (ABRS), fungal reaction segment (FRS) and heterotrophic bacteria reaction segment (HBRS) was constructed for the treatment of odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)from municipal solid waste (MSW) comprehensive treatment plants. The performance, counts of predominant microorganisms, and bioaerosol emissions of a full-scale TSIBF system were studied. High and stable removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and VOCs could be achieved with the TSIBF system, and the emissions of culturable heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and acidophilic sulfur bacteria were relatively low. The removal efficiencies of different odors and VOCs, emissions of culturable microorganisms, and types of predominant microorganisms were different in the ABRS, FRS and HBRS due to the differences in reaction conditions and mass transfer in each segment. The emissions of bioaerosols from the TSIBF depended on the capture of microorganisms and their volatilization from the packing. The rational segmentation, filling of high-density packings and the accumulation of the predominant functional microorganisms in each segment enhanced the capture effect of the bioaerosols, thus reducing the emissions of microorganisms from the bioreactor.     

模糊控制理论在煤矿通风安全自动化系统中的应用

由于煤矿通风系统的独特性和复杂性 ,要精确地建立具有时滞及控制对象的数学模型遇到较大的困难 ,因此 ,人们寻求了一些新的解决途径。笔者基于模糊控制理论 ,并提出将其应用于煤矿通风自动化系统中 ,同时采用单片机来实现模糊控制 ,实践证明 ,此法取得良好效果 ;与常规的控制方法相比 ,模糊控制方法具有响应快、控制简单、不需建模等特点 ,适用于矿井通风自动化系统 ;笔者还讨论了调节窗模糊控制系统设计 ,系统的单片机实现及软件编制 ,并进行了实验及实验结果分析 ;最后提出了向自组织方向的深化方案。     

北京中关村地区气溶胶的酸性测量

为了研究大气气溶胶的酸性及其粒径分布,笔者利用自制环状扩散管和三级撞击式组合采样器采样,ｐＨ测量和傅利叶红外光谱技术测量相结合,于１９９４处冬季至１９９５年冬季在北京中关村地区进行了采样分析。结果表明,北京中关村地区气溶胶存在酸性组成,且酸性主要分布于粒径１．５μｍ以下的细粒子中,测得的细粒子最大酸度为５６．６ｎｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－３,各冬季１９９４年冬季和１９９５年夏季气溶胶酸性较强,日平均一般在５ｍ     

流式细胞术在水质检测领域的研究进展

流式细胞术作为一种新兴技术,具有检测快速简便、灵敏度高等优点,在水环境突发污染事件及水处理工艺的评价中正发挥着重要作用。随着荧光染色及配套技术的突破性发展,流式细胞术在水环境领域的研究和应用得到逐步拓展。笔者系统评述了流式细胞术检测原理及技术特点、水环境检测影响因素及其应用进展等,并对该技术在水质检测评价中的推广应用提出建议。     

Estimating national-scale ground-level PM25 concentration in China using geographically weighted regression based on MODIS and MISR AOD

Taking advantage of the continuous spatial coverage, satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) products have been widely used to assess the spatial and temporal characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the ground and their effects on human health. However, the national-scale ground-level PM2.5 estimation is still very limited because the lack of ground PM2.5 measurements to calibrate the model in China. In this study, a national-scale geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was developed to estimate ground-level PM2.5 concentration based on satellite AODs, newly released national-wide hourly PM2.5 concentrations, and meteorological parameters. The results showed good agreements between satellite-retrieved and ground-observed PM2.5 concentration at 943 stations in China. The overall cross-validation (CV) R ² is 0.76 and root mean squared prediction error (RMSE) is 22.26 μg/m³ for MODIS-derived AOD. The MISR-derived AOD also exhibits comparable performance with a CV R ² and RMSE are 0.81 and 27.46 μg/m³, respectively. Annual PM2.5 concentrations retrieved either by MODIS or MISR AOD indicated that most of the residential community areas exceeded the new annual Chinese PM2.5 National Standard level 2. These results suggest that this approach is useful for estimating large-scale ground-level PM2.5 distributions especially for the regions without PMs monitoring sites.     

钢结构人行天桥自振频率优化分析

为了提高人行天桥的整体安全性,该文在结构设计的理论基础上提出了一系列有效措施。以楚雄市某钢箱人行天桥为依托,采用结构优化的方式,利用有限元软件建立参数化模型,以梁高和二期荷载为变量,以基频和时程为目标函数,分别将钢箱梁梁高增加20 cm和30 cm,将原混凝土铺装更换为轻型材料聚氨酯塑胶,天桥的基频提高到原来的两倍多。结果表明:梁高和铺装对人行天桥抗震性能有着显著的影响,增加梁高,采用轻型铺装,能有效地优化人行天桥的自振频率,保证了结构安全,可为类似结构的安全运行提供有力参考。     

皂土对CuCl_2的吸附性能

研究了CuCl2在荷结构负电荷皂土上的吸附性能,考察了pH、无机以及有机添加剂等因素的影响,并结合IR和XRD实验结果探讨了吸附机理。研究表明,皂土对CuCl2有很强的吸附能力,其吸附动力学和吸附等温线分别符合准二级速率方程和Langmuir方程。初始pH增大,吸附量增加。无机以及有机添加剂均能能明显抑制吸附。Cu2＋在皂土上的吸附层在微观上可分为因化学键合作用而形成的内络合层和因静电作用而形成的外络合层。     

Cr(Ⅵ)在Mg-Al型类水滑石上的脱附性能研究

研究了Cr(Ⅵ)在带结构正电荷的Mg-Al型类水滑石(HTlc)上的脱附性质,考察了多种脱附剂的脱附性能,研究了脱附剂种类、浓度、pH值和脱附时间等因素的影响。实验表明,脱附平衡时间比吸附平衡时间稍长,不同的脱附剂脱附效果不一样,对同一种脱附剂来说,随着脱附剂浓度的增大,脱附量增大;随着pH值的升高,脱附量总体呈上升趋势。     

皂土对CuCl2的吸附性能

研究了CuCl2在荷结构负电荷皂土上的吸附性能,考察了pH、无机以及有机添加剂等因素的影响,并结合IR和XRD实验结果探讨了吸附机理。研究表明,皂土对CuCl2有很强的吸附能力,其吸附动力学和吸附等温线分别符合准二级速率方程和Langmuir方程。初始pH增大,吸附量增加。无机以及有机添加剂均能能明显抑制吸附。Cu2+在皂土上的吸附层在微观上可分为因化学键合作用而形成的内络合层和因静电作用而形成的外络合层。