基于CVM方法分析牧民对禁牧政策的受偿意愿——以锡林郭勒草原为例

确定居民对生态措施实施的受偿意愿,对目前迫切需要的生态补偿政策制定以及生态恢复和保护的有效性具有重要的现实意义。选用锡林郭勒草原为案例区域,通过入户调查及在那达慕大会集中调查相结合的方式,调查锡林郭勒草原地区牧民对禁牧措施的态度和受偿意愿。分析结果显示:53%的牧民愿意参加禁牧,而不愿意参加禁牧主要是由于补偿标准不合理引起的。计量经济学模型分析表明,牧民对禁牧的支持态度与牧民的收入和草地面积呈正相关,与养羊数量呈负相关。牧民的受偿意愿由牧民养羊数量、受教育年限、草地现状以及对禁牧政策的支持程度决定。根据意愿调查法初步估算锡林郭勒草原地区禁牧措施实施后牧民的补偿意愿,牧民家庭对禁牧政策的平均受偿意愿为每年每户2.7717万元,人均受偿意愿为8399元,平均每1hm2草地受偿意愿为85.95元。     

杭嘉湖蚕桑区主要大气氟污染源及治理现状

对杭嘉湖蚕桑区大气氟主要污染源——砖瓦厂氟的排放状况及各种含氟烟道废气治理装置的治理效果进行了较为深入的调查分析,认为砖瓦厂含氟废气不经烟道排放较为严重。目前砖瓦厂所采用的各种含氟废气治理装置中,旋流板塔装置除氟效率较佳,可使废气氟的排放浓度降至5mg/m~3以下,基本上能消除下风向300m以远的大气氟污染对蚕桑的严重危害。     

Kinetic analysis of anaerobic phosphorus release during biological phosphorus removal process

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a commonly used and sustainable method for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyphosphate, and glycogen are three kinds of intracellular storage polymers in phosphorus accumulation organisms. The variation of these polymers under different conditions has an apparent influence on anaerobic phosphorus release, which is very important for controlling the performance of EBPR. To obtain the mechanism and kinetic character of anaerobic phosphorus release, a series of batch experiments were performed using the excessively aerated sludge from the aerobic unit of the biological phosphorus removal system in this study. The results showed that the volatile suspended solid (VSS) had an increasing trend, while the mixed liquid suspended sludge (MLSS) and ashes were reduced during the anaerobic phosphorus release process. The interruption of anaerobic HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release occurs when the glycogen in the phosphorus-accumulating-organisms is exhausted. Under the condition of lower initial HAc-COD, HAc became the limiting factor after some time for anaerobic HAc uptake. Under the condition of higher initial HAc-COD, HAc uptake was stopped because of the depletion of glycogen in the microorganisms. The mean ratio of Δρ _P/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _GLY/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _P/ΔCOD, was 0.48, 0.50, 0.44, and 0.92, respectively, which was nearly the same as the theoretical value. The calibrated kinetic parameters of the HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release model were evaluated as follows: Q _HAc,max was 164 mg/(g · h), Q _P,max was 69.9 mg/(g · h), K _gly was 0.005, and KCOD was 3 mg/L. An apparently linear correlation was observed between the ratio of Δρ _P/ΔCOD and pH of the solution, and the equation between them was obtained in this study.     

Interactive effects of natural and human disturbances on vegetation dynamics across landscapes.

Accurate measures of human effects on landscape processes require consideration of both the direct impacts from human activities and the indirect consequences of the interactions between humans and the landscape. This is particularly evident in systems experiencing regular natural disturbances such as in the mountainous areas of southwestern China, where the remaining population of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is supported. Here the spatiotemporal patterns of human impacts, forests, and bamboo episodic die-offs combine to determine the distribution of panda habitat. To study the complex interactions of humans and landscapes, we developed an integrated spatiotemporally explicit model of household activities, natural vegetation dynamics, and their impacts on panda habitat. Using this model we examined the direct consequences of local fuelwood collection and household creation on areas of critical giant panda habitat and the indirect impacts when coupled with vegetation dynamics. Through simulations, we found that over the next 30 years household impacts would result in the loss of up to 30% of the habitat relied on by pandas during past bamboo die-offs. The accumulation and spatial distribution of household impacts would also have a considerable indirect influence on the spatial distribution of understory bamboo. While human impacts influence both bamboo die-off and regeneration, over 19% of pre-existing low-elevation bamboo habitat may be lost following an episodic die-off depending on the severity of the impacts and timing of the die-offs. Our study showed not only the importance of the spatial distribution of direct household impacts on habitat, but also the far-reaching effects of the indirect interactions between humans and the landscapes they are modifying.     

试论责任会计在高校财务管理中的应用

论述了高校运用责任会计进行财务管理工作的必要性及其可能性,提出了高校财务管理应用责任会计的某些构想,最后指出了高校全面推行责任会计存在的几个问题。     

X－射线荧光光谱法测定道路扬尘中21种元素

本文用Ｘ－射线荧光光谱法，一次测定道路扬尘中Ｎａ等２１种元素。人工配制标样，回归法求取校准曲线常数，用散射线内标法和经验系数法校正基体效应。方法的准确度、精密度较好，分析结果令人满意。     

带希夫碱和酰肼基团的壳聚糖螯合树脂的合成及其吸附性能

本文利用壳聚糖Ｃ２位上活泼氨基与水杨醛进行大分子反应，再以环硫氯丙烷作交联剂，合成了带有邻羟基希夫碱基团的交联型壳聚糖螯合树脂；利用带有游离氨基的交联壳聚糖与丙烯腈进行大分子反应，合成了带有氰基的功能聚合物，再由ＣＴ－ＣＮ与水合肼进一步反应，制得了带有酰肼基轩物壳聚糖螯合树脂。     

铁催化聚丙烯腈脱氮的研究

应用热天平研究了载铁聚丙烯腈的脱氮碳化行为，负载铁对ＰＡＮ的稳定化和脱氮碳化均具有显著的催化作用，并在５８０－７６０℃范围内明显增加了Ｎ２形成速率。ＸＰＳ和ＸＲＤ对碳化过程中铁和氮化学形态变化的研究结果表明，铁催化反应机理可能是负载铁与吡啶氮作用形成中间体铁氮化物，后者进而分解释放出Ｎ２。     

燃煤电厂排放颗粒物中重金属形态的研究

本文分析用模拟酸雨浸提和Ｔｅｓｓｉｅｒ形态分离法，对燃煤电厂排放颗粒物中重金属形态进行了研究。结果表明，痕量金属绝大部分以稳定态存在，微米级飞灰中有较大活性的形态高于灰渣，煤燃烧高温条件使颗粒物中活性较大的形态含量减小。     

味精废水中重金属及金属污染对处理利用的影响

本文应用等离子光谱（ＩＣＰ）测试三个厂家味精生产废水中２１种金属元素的水平，其中金属元素的总水平分别达１９１９２ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１，３１９０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１和３１６１ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１，对照国内外有关的四项水质标准，三厂家味精生产废水中存在着Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ等多种重金属或其他金属元素严重超标现象，味精生产废水对青芋存在急性毒性，２４，４８，７２和９６ｈ的半致死味精废水浓度ＬＣ５０分别为６．９％，３．２％，２．５％