江苏省铅蓄电池行业环保现状及对策

近年来铅蓄电池行业血铅污染事件引发了社会各界群众的高度关注,国家和地方也陆续颁布和实施了一系列控制重金属污染的法规政策,将铅蓄电池行业推向了改革的风口浪尖。经过几年的初步改革,虽然相关企业的环保行为有所提升,但与国家和地方的要求仍存在不小差距。以江苏省现有规模以上铅蓄电池生产企业为研究对象,深入剖析各企业在环境保护方面存在的突出问题,有针对性的提出环保发展对策,为全省乃至全国铅蓄电池行业的综合整治和产业升级指明方向,具有重要的现实意义。     

Performances of mesophilic anaerobic digestion systems treating poultry mortalities

Abstract

A closed‐loop anaerobic digestion system consisting of a leachbed (LB) and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) was tested as an alternative for the disposal of poultry mortalities. This paper compares the performances of three LB‐UASB treatment systems with different initial moisture contents in the LBs. Each LB was loaded with one chicken and 5, 10 or 18 liters of water. The LBs initially carried out the hydrolysis/acidification phase while the UASBs the methanogenesis phase. Due to repeated inoculation by the UASBs, the LBs with 10 and 18 liters of water started producing methane on day 5, while the one with 5 liters of water on day 19. However, methane production rates were low before day 40 for the LB with 10 liters of water and day 60 for the other LBs. Methane production gradually improved as the LBs continued to receive ungranulated sludge from the UASBs. The LBs eventually became balanced methane reactors. Continued balanced fermentation in the LBs resulted in leachates with very low substrate concentrations that could no longer support high‐rate methanogenesis in the UASBs. Consequently, methane production rates from the UASBs decreased quickly while that from the LBs reached peak levels. Cumulative methane production from each LB eventually exceeded that from its connecting UASB. After 118 days of digestion, 414, 437 and 470 liters of methane were produced from the three systems, respectively. Cumulative methane production from the LBs with 5 and 18 liters of water accounted for 63% of the total methane produced from their respective systems. The LB with 10 liters of water produced 75% of the total methane from that system. Methane yields ranged from 0.485 to 0.554 m³ (Kg TS) ¹. About 86% of the initial dry weight was biodegraded. All three systems performed very well with little operational problems. Overall, the system that started with 10 liters of water in the LB performed the best. Strategy for enhancing system performances and implementing farm applications are discussed.     

Strategic Environmental Assessment： A New Tool for Ecological Urbanization of Coastal Cities in China

Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act （EIA Act） was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment （SEA）, thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA.     

有机物辛醇／水分配系数的计算方法：分子碎片常数法

辛醇／水分配系数是表征有机污染物环境行为的重要参数之一，本文应用于碎片常数计算了１３０余个有机化合物的辛醇／水分配系数对数值，通过计算值与实测值的比较发现，两者之间表现出相当好的一致性，其平均绝对误差为０．１３５，此外，还探讨了该方法应用于不同类型有机污染物时需要注意的问题。     

烟台市宏观经济动态投入产出模型

该模型具有长期经济协调预测、优化和模拟的功能,它将国民经济分为16个部门,充分考虑了影响国民经济各部门变化的主要因素,在供需、资金、流入流出、水资源、环境等均衡约束条件下,以 1990年不变价格,采用线性规划方法,逐年滚动优化预测了1991～2020年烟台市国民经济发展的趋势、产业结构和规模等各项指标。     

Fatty acids and algal lipids as precursors of chlorination by-products

Six common algal fatty acids (FAs) with different numbers of double bonds, lipophilic fractions and proteins extracted from the diatom Navicula pelliculosa and algal cells were chlorinated to evaluate their potential in generating disinfection by-products (DBPs). The result showed that the more double bonds in the FAs, the higher the amounts of chloroform and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) produced, but such a pattern was not observed for trichloroacetic acid (TCAA). Based on the previously reported composition of fatty acids in algal lipids, the DBP generation potentials of algal lipids were calculated. These predicted values were much lower than those measured in the chlorinated algal lipophilic fraction, suggesting unknown lipophilic fraction(s) served as potent DBPs precursors. Another calculation attempted to predict DBP production in algal cells based on algal lipid and protein composition, given quantified measured DBP production per unit algal lipid and proteins. The analysis showed that the observed DBP production was similar to that predicted (< 35% difference), suggesting that algal biochemical compositions may serve as a bioindicator for preliminary estimation of chloroform, DCAA and TCAA formation upon chlorinating algae.     

污泥活性炭理化性质表征及吸附抗生素效果研究

文章以北京方庄污水处理厂的浓缩和脱水污泥为原料,采用ZnCl2活化法分别制备污泥活性炭。对制得的污泥活性炭进行表征,并将其应用于加替沙星废水的处理。研究2种污泥活性炭吸附反应的吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、pH值、初始浓度4个因子对吸附量的影响,设计正交实验。正交实验结果表明:2种污泥活性炭受到4个因子影响程度相当,表现出明显的相似性,但短期吸附时,脱水污泥表现出更好的吸附性能。初始浓度对吸附量的影响最大,获得最大吸附量的条件组合为:初始浓度200 mg/L,投加量0.05 g,pH=9,t=2 h。浓缩和脱水污泥活性炭的最大吸附量分别可达34.541 mg/g和34.925 mg/g,表明2种污泥活性炭对加替沙星均有良好的吸附效果。污泥活性炭作为一种废水吸附剂,是废水处理的一种新途径。     

水泥炉窑SNCR及SCR烟气脱硝技术比较

通过分析水泥炉窑氮氧化物(NOx)生成机理、脱除技术以及国内外水泥炉窑脱硝现状并结合我国具体情况,探讨适合我国的水泥炉窑切实可行脱硝技术,为"十二五"期间我国水泥炉窑开展烟气脱硝整治工作提供技术性方向。     

沸石和活性炭处理氨氮废水的实验研究

文章选用具有较强选择性和吸附性的13X沸石和活性炭作为吸附材料,以人工配置的含氨氮废水模拟实际废水,分别以溶液pH值、吸附时间、初始浓度和投加顺序等作为影响因素,通过实验来系统地考察所选材料对废水中氨氮的去除技术参数。结果表明:所选材料具有较好、较稳定的吸收效果,在其他条件一定的情况下,13X沸石在pH值为中性,吸附时间为40 min时对氨氮的去除率最大,达87.9%。且在相同实验条件下,先投放活性炭再投放沸石去除氨氮的效果较好,比先投放沸石然后投放活性炭的效果高出25%左右。     

宁东能源化工基地大气PM2.5中硝基多环芳烃污染特征及呼吸暴露风险

利用大气主动采样技术对宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)中硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的污染特征、一次排放和二次形成源贡献及呼吸暴露风险进行了观测研究.结果表明,宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)中Σ _(12)NPAHs质量浓度在2. 06～37. 14ng·m~(-3)之间,其中基于能源产业的宝丰采样点冬、夏季采样期Σ _(12)NPAHs的平均质量浓度分别为(25. 57±5. 76) ng·m~(-3)和(6. 22±1. 74) ng·m~(-3).以化工、电力产业为主的英力特采样点冬、夏季Σ _(12)NPAHs平均质量浓度分别为(7. 13±1. 44)ng·m~(-3)和(2. 58±0. 39) ng·m~(-3),两采样点均表现出冬季高于夏季的季节特征,推测为冬季取暖造成较高的NPAHs一次排放所致.宝丰采样点Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度水平明显高于英力特,可能与宝丰的煤炭开采及焦炭生产的能源产业较化工产业造成更高的NPAHs一次排放相关,因而造成了Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度水平的空间差异.两个采样点PM_(2.5)中Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度的夜昼比表明,夏季Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度日间明显高于夜间而冬季则相反,表明夏季日间较夜间存在更活跃的大气光化学反应,较夜间贡献更多二次形成的NPAHs. NPAHs族谱特征的时空差异表现为:宝丰和英力特采样点冬夏季均以一次排放标识物2N-FLO和6N-CHR为主要占比,其中宝丰采样点冬季2N-FLO和6N-CHR总占比为46%,夏季为73%,英力特采样点冬季总占为59%,夏季为55%.但英力特采样点夏季二次形成的标识物3N-PHE浓度占比较宝丰更高,表明基于化工产业的英力特较宝丰存在更高的前体物排放,由此贡献更多二次形成的NPAHs.本研究还借助Σ _(12)NPAHs/Σ _(16)PAHs比值对NPAHs可能的来源贡献进行了分析研究,结果表明宁东能源化工基地夏季较高的温度促进了PAHs的降解以及NPAHs的二次形成,较冬季贡献更多二次形成源的NPAHs.基于BaP等效毒性因子评价法估算了PM_(2.5)中Σ _5NPAHs的呼吸暴露肺癌风险,结果表明,宝丰采样点PM_(2.5)中Σ _5NPAHs的肺癌风险值冬季为(3. 06×10~(-5)±1. 36×10~(-5)),夏季为(1. 79×10~(-5)±0. 80×10~(-5)),英力特采样点冬季为(2. 85×10~(-5)±1. 20×10~(-5)),夏季为(1. 86×10~(-5)±0. 83×10~(-5)).宝丰和英力特肺癌风险值均高于Cal/EPA规定的1. 00×10~(-5)的限值,表明宁东能源化工基地人群存在一定程度的大气PM_(2.5)中NPAHs呼吸暴露肺癌风险.