Temporal dimension and water quality control in an emission trading scheme based on water environmental functional zone

Emission trading is one of the most effective alternatives to controlling water pollution. Water environmental functional zone (WEFZ) is used to determine the water quality standard and identify the zone boundary for each river or reach. In this study, a new emission trading scheme was addressed based on WEFZ, accounting for both the temporal dimension and water quality control. A temporal factor of emission trading was proposed based on variations in the environmental capacity within a year by dividing the year into three periods, including high, normal, and low periods of environmental capacity. During each period, emission trading was implemented exclusively. A water quality-control scheme was suggested based on the water quality requirement in the water functional zone, in which the water quality at the downstream boundary of the zone was required to meet the water standard following auto-purification in the stream. Two methods of calculating water quality control are addressed for point-source pollution and non-point-source pollution. The calculated temporal dimension and water quality control were located in Dongxi River of the Daning Watershed in the Three Gorges Watershed. The high period was during June, July, and August, the normal period was during April, May, September, and October, and the low period was during January, February, March, November, and December. The results from the water quality calculation demonstrated that the discharge of point-source and non-point-source pollutions led to an excess of common contaminants at the downstream boundary of WEFZ. The temporal and spatial factors above should be incorporated into the emission trading scheme based on WEFZ.     

Glucose production from hydrolysis of cellulose over a novel silica catalyst under hydrothermal conditions

A novel silica catalyst was synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method and tested for the catalytic selective hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. This silica catalyst exhibited a higher catalytic activity than other oxides prepared by the same method, such as ZrO₂, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃. Using silica as a catalyst, cellulose was selectively hydrolyzed into glucose with a glucose yield as high as 50% under hydrothermal conditions without hydrogen gas. The silica catalyst was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD) and textural properties indicated that the synergistic effect between strong acidity and a suitable pore diameter of the silica catalyst may be responsible for its high activity. In addition, the catalyst was recyclable and showed excellent stability during the recycle catalytic runs.     

皂角苷和柠檬酸联合去除厌氧消化污泥中重金属的研究

以武汉某污水处理厂未厌氧消化与厌氧消化的污泥(分别为S1和S2)为研究对象,通过振荡淋洗实验,研究了皂角苷(质量分数0.1%~2.0%)和柠檬酸(0~1 mol·L~(-1))联合对2种污泥中Ni、Pb、Zn的去除效果,确定皂角苷和柠檬酸联合淋洗的最佳浓度组合,并采用BCR连续提取法分析淋洗前后3种重金属的形态变化.结果表明,皂角苷和柠檬酸联合对污泥中3种重金属均有较好的去除效果,Ni、Pb、Zn的最高总去除率分别为76.02%、59.93%和15.94%.综合分析,1%的皂角苷与0.4 mol·L~(-1)的柠檬酸联合淋洗的去除效果最好,2种污泥中重金属去除率的大小均为未厌氧消化污泥(S1)厌氧消化污泥(S2).与未厌氧消化污泥相比,厌氧消化污泥Ni的残渣态、Pb的可还原态及Zn的可氧化态含量明显增加,而Ni的可还原态含量减少.联合淋洗后S1、S2中约80%的酸溶态和可还原态的Ni、Zn被去除,Pb的可还原态分别去除67.07%和58.06%;且各重金属残渣态所占比例大幅度增加,其中,Pb的增加最为明显,所占比例超过90%.     

Regionalization based on spatial and seasonal variation in ground-level ozone concentrations across China

Owing to the vast territory of China and strong regional characteristic of ozone pollution,it's desirable for policy makers to have a targeted and prioritized regulation and ozone pollution control strategy in China based on scientific evidences. It's important to assess its current pollution status as well as spatial and temporal variation patterns across China.Recent advances of national monitoring networks provide an opportunity to insight the actions of ozone pollution. Here, we present rotated empirical orthogonal function(REOF)analysis that was used on studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of daily ozone concentrations. Based on results of REOF analysis in pollution seasons for 3 years' observations, twelve regions with clear patterns were identified in China. The patterns of temporal variation of ozone in each region were separated well and different from each other, reflecting local meteorological, photochemical or pollution features. A rising trend in annual averaged Eight-hour Average Ozone Concentrations(O_3-8 hr) from 2014 to 2016 was observed for all regions, except for the Tibetan Plateau. The mean values of annual and 90 percentile concentrations for all 338 cities were 82.6 ± 14.6 and 133.9 ± 25.8 μg/m~3,respectively, in 2015. The regionalization results of ozone were found to be influenced greatly by terrain features, indicating significant terrain and landform effects on ozone spatial correlations. Among 12 regions, North China Plain, Huanghuai Plain, Central Yangtze River Plain, Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin were realized as priority regions for mitigation strategies, due to their higher ozone concentrations and dense population.     

北京市二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的日变化规律

二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol,SOA)是大气细粒子(PM_(2.5))的重要组成部分.研究实际大气SOA生成潜势的日变化规律对于认知SOA生成转化机制及其对大气细粒子污染的影响具有重要意义.首次使用氧化流动管反应器(oxidation flow reactor,OFR)研究了北京夏季城市大气SOA生成潜势的日变化规律,利用高浓度的羟基自由基(·OH)氧化进入反应器内的环境空气,直接测定SOA的生成潜势.结果表明,一天内,SOA生成潜势的小时均值在3.9~9.4μg·m~(-3)范围内变化,呈现夜间高白天低的趋势,在16:00左右达到最低.SOA生成潜势和甲苯等城市典型挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)变化趋势一致,而和臭氧浓度反相关.实验结果表明,除了边界层高度变化影响污染物浓度进而影响SOA生成潜势以外,夏季白天强烈的光化学反应导致环境大气VOCs的消耗,对降低环境气体白天的SOA生成潜势值也有重要影响.同国外同类研究相比,北京环境大气由于具有更高的VOCs浓度,其SOA生成潜势要明显高于其他地区,可能对北京地区细颗粒物污染具有重要贡献.     

改性膨润土处理造纸废水的研究

以钠基膨润土为原料,合成了镍锫—无机柱撑、镍锆—有机柱撑系列改性膨润土,比较了不同改性膨润土对造纸废水的处理效果,并确定了各改性膨润土处理废水的投加量、pH值、搅拌时间等最佳条件。结果表明;有机柱撑膨润土对造纸废水的处理效果最好,当搅拌时间为20min,pH值为12,改性土用量为0.8g/L时,其COD的去除率可达77.8％,同时其色度、浊度去除率分别为94％和97.4％。     

甲苯增溶吸收微乳液的制备及相行为

为选择适于甲苯增溶吸收微乳体系,研究了以甲苯为油相、以正丁醇或正辛醇为助表面活性剂分别与典型阳离子、阴离子、非离子表面活性剂形成的微乳液的相行为,用相图法分析了微乳体系的稳定性.以相图微乳区面积为指标,考察了影响微乳液增溶甲苯的因素.结果表明,在实验条件下6 种微乳液可以自发形成;以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为表面活性剂、正辛醇为助表面活性剂、表面活性剂与助表面活性剂质量比为3:2、温度为30℃时,微乳区面积最大(64%),可作为甲苯增溶吸收微乳液.     

螺旋型垂直筛板布气的喷射鼓泡脱硫除尘塔的研制和性能

研制了一种中试规模的螺旋型垂直筛板布气的喷射鼓泡脱硫除尘装置,具有螺旋型布气、环流布气、气动搅拌等特点.装置中特有的螺旋型气室是由两块按阿基米德螺线设计的垂直筛板围成,有结构简单紧凑、开孔面积大、不容易堵塞、气速稳定等优点.对中试规模装置进行了压降和湿法脱硫除尘实验.结果表明:空塔与喷射鼓泡运行时装置各部分压降随气量增加而增加,喷射鼓泡运行中控制"临界液位差"约170mm,当气量为1856m.3h-1时,塔总压降为3.37kPa;脱硫效率随鼓泡层高度和气动搅拌器旋转速度的增加而升高;当石灰石浆液浓度上升时,pH升高,有效脱硫时间延长;pH是控制装置脱硫效率的关键,pH=5.35时脱硫效率可达70%,pH为6～7时脱硫效率保持在80%以上;当烟气中含尘浓度大于304mg.m-3时(粉尘粒径小于50μm),除尘效率可达91%以上;该装置脱硫、除尘效率高,塔体高度较低,结构紧凑,具有很好的应用前景.     

西安市2013年空气质量状况分析

本文收集西安市2013年环境监测站发布的空气质量指数（AQI）及环境空气状况与监测月报资料,对空气质量等级、AQI变化情况、主要污染物浓度变化趋势及采暖期和非采暖期浓度比较进行分析.研究结果表明：西安市2013空气质量二级以上的达标率为37.8％,年均AQI值为151,SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的月监测浓度变化趋势无显著意义,采暖期平均浓度均显著高于非采暖期平均浓度,PM2.5采暖期均值是非采暖期均值的3.09倍.由此可见控制SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的排放是改善西安市空气质量的重点工作.