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51.
A mathematical model, Simplified Approach for Fate Evaluation of Chemicals in Aquatic Systems (SAFECAS), was applied to evaluate fate of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(TCP) in three types of aquatic environments; a river, an oligotrophic lake, and an eutrophic lake.Since phenols are dissociative substances, equilibrium constants and rate constants for transfer and transformation processes were measured or estimated as a function of pH.Results suggest that most of TCP is distributed to the water phase in aquatic environments, and is almost removed by the advective outflow in the river and by the photodegradation in lakes. 相似文献
52.
Tanabe S Sung JK Choi DY Baba N Kiyota M Yoshida K Tatsukawa R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1994,85(3):305-314
The present study was conducted to determine the residue levels of persistent organochlorines such as PCB homologues, DDT and its metabolites, and HCH isomers in the ventral blubber of female northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) collected off Sanriku, the Pacific coast of northern Japan, since 1971. Among the organochlorines examined, the concentrations of PCBs and DDTs were found to be high in all samples. The residue levels of these two contaminants showed a drastic reduction following maturity and then a slight increase after the retirement from pregnancy/menopause. Temporal variation of PCB and DDT residues showed maximum levels around 1976 and then decreased, whereas HCH residue levels revealed a very slow declining pattern. Considering the concentrations and compositions of the residues, the northern fur seal is likely to be exposed to organochlorine contamination deriving from global terms. In this context, continuous contamination has been foreseen with regard to PCB and HCH residues. The pattern of organochlorine residues indicated that the northern fur seal has higher metabolic capacity than Dall's porpoise, while it is comparable to those of larga seal and Steller sea lion. 相似文献
53.
Ecological role for pteroenone,a novel antifeedant from the conspicuous antarctic pteropod Clione antarctica (Gymnosomata: Gastropoda) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dense populations of the antarctic pteropod Clione antarctica (Smith) offer a rich source of potential nutrients and energy to planktivorous predators. Nonetheless, antarctic fish do not prey on C. antarctica. Employing flash and high-pressure liquid chromatographic techniques, a linear -hydroxyketone, pteroenone (C14H24O2) was isolated from whole tissues of C. antarctica. When embedded in alginate food pellets at ecologically relevant concentrations, pteroenone caused significant feeding deterrence in Pagothenia borchgrevinki and Pseudotrematomas bernacchii, two antarctic fish known to feed on planktonic organisms. Concentrations of pteroenone were variable between pteropods (0.056 to 4.5 mg ml-1 tissue), but even those individuals with the lowest natural concentration contained levels five-fold greater than the lowest effective feeding-deterrent concentration (0.012 mg ml-1 alginate). Chemical analysis indicated that the primary dietary item of the carnivorous C. antarctica, the shelled pteropod Limacina helicina, does not contain pteroenone. This suggests that C. antarctica does not derive this defensive compound from its diet. This is the first example of a defensive secondary metabolite in a pelagic gastropod. 相似文献
54.
Michikazu Kojima Aya Yoshida So Sasaki 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(3):263-269
Developing Asian countries have started to apply the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR) to electronics and
electrical equipment waste (e-waste). This policy approach aims to give electronic appliance manufacturers and importers responsibility
for the collection and recycling of discarded electronic equipment. China and Thailand have drafted regulations on the recycling
of e-waste with common characteristics such as the financial responsibility of producers and subsidies for collection. Although
the proposed system is sensible, taking into account the fact that e-waste is a market-traded commodity, there are two major
difficulties in implementing EPR in developing countries. First, it may be difficult for governments to collect funds from
producers or importers if smuggled, imitation, or small shop-assembled products have a large share in the market. Second,
the system creates incentives for collectors and recyclers to over-report the amount of collected e-waste in order to gain
extra subsidies from the fund. Other policy measures such as the enforcement of pollution control regulations on informal
recyclers, the prevention of smuggling, and the protection of intellectual property rights should accompany EPR policies. 相似文献
55.
Implementing effective conservation requires an understanding of factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation. Previous studies have investigated factors affecting deforestation, while few studies have examined the determinants of both of deforestation and forest degradation for more than one period. To address this gap, this study examined factors influencing deforestation and forest degradation during 1989–2000 and 2000–2005 in the Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar. We applied multinomial logistic regression (MNL) using land cover maps derived from Landsat images as the dependent variables as well as spatial and biophysical factors as the independent variables. The MNL models revealed influences of the determinants on deforestation and forest degradation changes over time. For example, during 1989–2000, deforestation from closed forest was positively correlated to the distance from the park boundary and was negatively correlated with distance from villages, roads, the park circular road, slope, western aspect and elevation. On the other hand, during 2000–2005, deforestation of closed forest was positively correlated with distance from villages, roads, the park circular road, slope and western aspect, and negatively correlated with distance from the park boundary and elevation. Similar scenarios were observed for the deforestation of open forest and forest degradation of closed forest. The study also found most of the determinants influenced deforestation and forest degradation differently. The changes in determinants of deforestation and forest degradation over time might be attributable to the general decrease in resource availability and to the effect of conservation measures conducted by the park. 相似文献
56.
A simple mathematical fate model, Multi‐Phase Non‐Steady State Equilibrium Model (MNSEM) is proposed to evaluate distribution, persistence, and concentrations of chemicals in a model environment consisting of air, water, soil and sediment phases. The model is applied to evaluation of environmental fate and concentration of trichloroethylene and 1,4‐dichlorobenzene under generic conditions representative of Japan. Evaluated chemical concentrations in air are within a factor of 3 of average values in Japanese atmosphere, and evaluated concentrations in water, sediment, or fish are greater than an order of magnitude below detection limits in real environments, so that evaluated concentrations are in reasonable agreement with environmental measurement data in Japan. Although MNSEM is not a model for site‐specific evaluation of environmental fate, results suggested that this model is an adequate method to aid in evaluation of fate of chemicals under generic environment conditions. Evaluated concentration‐profiles may be used to estimate average chemical exposure concentrations for humans and the environment. 相似文献
57.
Koji Tokimatsu Masahiko Aicha Kentaro Yoshida Masahiro Nishio Eiichi Endo Masaji Sakagami 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2016,23(6):541-552
We need a consistent methodology to measure the co-benefits of climate change mitigation across Asian countries. This study chose a strategy of modifying the Japan-specific life-cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME) for wider application across countries. LIME has two dimensions. First, it is an environmental science that links the cause-and-effect chain. Second, it is an environmental valuation that weighs four endpoint damages in monetary terms through a conjoint analysis that is derived from an Internet-based questionnaire survey. This article describes the modification of the methodology for application of the conjoint analysis to weigh environmental impacts. We approached the investigation as follows. First, we conducted Internet surveys to measure marginal willingness-to-pay (MWTP). We used a sample of 112 respondents in their 20 s to 40 s, divided equally between men and women, in 11 cities across China, India, and Southeast Asia. The results obtained showed clear statistical significance and were comparable across the cities. Second, we attempted to develop functions (called benefit transfer functions) to simplify the measured MWTP in order to apply it across different Asian countries. The functions were derived through a stepwise meta-analytic method, a type of multiple regression analysis whose independent variable was MWTP and dependent variables were attributes of both respondents and surveyed cities. The functions showed that coal consumption and percentage of nature reserve were dependent variables. Then, the MWTPs estimated from the functions were compared with the measured MWTP for transfer error, which is calculated by the absolute value of the difference between the estimated value and the measured value divided by the latter. The transfer error was below 50% in about 90% of the 44 results (a combination of four endpoints and 11 cities), implying that the developed functions were statistically significant. 相似文献
58.
de Oliveira Ana Carolina Salgado Ferreira Laura Fonseca de Oliveira Begali Danielly Ugucioni Julio Cesar de Sena Neto Alfredo Rodrigues Yoshida Maria Irene Borges Soraia Vilela 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2021,29(8):2546-2556
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Researches for the development of materials with less environmental impact have been more common. Pectin is a natural polysaccharide, presenting in plants... 相似文献
59.
Hideto Yoshida Kazuyuki Shimamura Hirofumi Aizawa 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(2):101-111
Focusing on the promotion of the “3Rs” – reduce, reuse, and recycle – the authors summarize the policy that Japan has evolved
in waste management and recycling policy over the years. To realize an international sound material-cycle society (SMS), the
3R approaches should first be implemented in each individual country. After each country has established an SMS to the best
of its ability, contribution toward reducing the environmental load internationally, especially across all of East Asia, will
be achieved by having waste and recyclable resources that cannot be handled in one country effectively used or processed in
other countries. The current situation of international resource circulation is described and a concept of SMS at an international
level is proposed.
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily the official views of the organizations with which
the authors are affiliated. 相似文献
60.