基于MLP-ANN神经网络的河流泥沙输移对气候变化的响应

运用MLP-ANN神经网络方法,对金沙江中游一级支流龙川江的河流泥沙输移状况与气候变化之间的响应关系进行了研究。结果表明：（1）龙川江河流泥沙输移对温度、降雨量、降雨强度和径流量等气候因子响应直接,而对降雨频率、蒸发量和湿度的改变没有明显响应;（2）当不考虑径流因子时,MLP-ANN模型对泥沙输移的拟合有一个月的时滞效应,而考虑径流因子时,则没有时滞效应;（3）在1993年以后,河流泥沙输移对气候变化的响应出现明显偏移,显示有其它因素对龙川江的河流泥沙输移产生了强烈干扰。     

半导体行业含氟废水处理的研究

在过去几年,中国的半导体工业得到了迅速的发展,同时也带来了新的环境问题,其中尤以含氟废水的危害最为严重。文章详细介绍了某半导体企业含氟废水处理站,包括含氟废水的来源,危害,常用的处理方法,实验情况,本工程采用的工艺流程和运行情况等。实验数据和工程运行情况都证明,pH值为7．5—8．5时,以化学沉淀法和混凝沉淀法处理含氟废水效果最好。实践证明利用强酸强碱调节废水pH值后,采用CaCl2处理含氟废水,具有操作简便和处理费用低等优点,同时针对CaF2沉淀对处理设备的影响提出了有效措施。     

地闪资料反演山东雷暴天气降水的适用性分析

本文利用山东雷暴天气中地面定位系统地闪及气象观测站降水资料,分析该地区雷电时空演变特征及其与降水之间的关系.结果表明:山地及丘陵地区发生的地闪多于平原地区,危害较强的正地闪主要分布于海拔相对较高的山东西南及中南部地区.地闪与降水在空间和时间上都有着较好的对应性;特别是在鲁西南和鲁西北平原地区地闪与降水有着较好的相关性,在这些区域可以利用地闪资料反演雷暴天气中的降水.     

盘锦芦苇湿地生态系统演替的能值分析

采用奥德姆能值分析理论和方法,以辽宁省盘锦芦苇湿地为例,对1968～2008年间芦苇湿地生态系统演替进行评价分析。提出了优化和保护芦苇湿地生态系统结构的方略,以达到保护芦苇湿地,促进湿地资源有效利用和可持续发展的目的。     

改良型装配式人工湿地处理北京市城乡结合部污水的研究

适当的水力条件是实现人工湿地处理目标和正常运行的基本保证。人工湿地水力停留时间较长是最为突出的一个问题,它直接导致了系统处理能力偏小。针对这个问题,本文采用改良型装配式人工湿地,进行了停留时间的试验研究。结果表明,在停留时间为4 d的条件下,COD的平均去除率为87.54%,NH4+-N的平均去除率为37.08%,TN的平均去除率为31.9%。     

基于能源结构的IGT模型对CO2排放量的研究

将能源结构指标Es引入到IGT模型中,并用模糊矩阵对Es进行计算,同时,采用马尔可夫模型对湖南省能源结构进行预测,结果显示:到2020年,湖南省煤、石油、天然气、水电在一次能源消费中的占比为:54.75%:10.75%:2.75%:26.24%;在此能源结构的基础上,用基于能源结构的IGT模型对湖南省CO2排放量进行预测,预测结果显示:2020年湖南省CO2排放量为48 787.23万吨,是2010年的1.51倍,但其单位GDP的CO2排放量仅为1.19吨/万元,比2010年下降41.6%;2020年因能源结构优化而减排的CO2量为7 049.79万吨,占当年CO2排放总量的14.45%。此外,当湖南省单位GDP年均节能率达到7.8%左右时,其CO2排放量将维持2010年的水平不变,从而实现经济增长和CO2排放量的脱钩。     

基于GIS和污染源普查数据的环境准入措施研究——以绍兴市“十二五”水污染防治为例

从总量环境准入、空间环境准入和项目环境准入三个方面对绍兴市环境准入实施进行了初步评价,基于污染源普查数据和GIS工具,识别绍兴环境准入实施面临的问题,并针对纺织印染业、造纸业和化工业,提出未来绍兴市在水污染防治过程中实施环境准入的主要措施。     

Interaction between Cu2+ and different types of surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron during their transport in porous media

This study investigated the interaction between Cu²⁺ and nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) coated with three types of stabilizers (i.e., polyacrylic acid [PAA], Tween-20 and starch) by examining the Cu²⁺ uptake, colloidal stability and mobility of surface-modified NZVI (SM-NZVI) in the presence of Cu²⁺. The uptake of Cu²⁺ by SM-NZVI and the colloidal stability of the Cu-bearing SM-NZVI were examined in batch tests. The results showed that NZVI coated with different modifiers exhibited different affinities for Cu²⁺, which resulted in varying colloidal stability of different SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu²⁺. The presence of Cu²⁺ exerted a slight influence on the aggregation and settling of NZVI modified with PAA or Tween-20. However, the presence of Cu²⁺ caused significant aggregation and sedimentation of starch-modified NZVI, which is due to Cu²⁺ complexation with the starch molecules coated on the surface of the particles. Column experiments were conducted to investigate the co-transport of Cu²⁺ in association with SM-NZVI in water-saturated quartz sand. It was presumed that a physical straining mechanism accounted for the retention of Cu-bearing SM-NZVI in the porous media. Moreover, the enhanced aggregation of SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu²⁺ may be contributing to this straining effect.     

Effect of organic wastes on the plant-microbe remediation for removal of aged PAHs in soils

The effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be inhibited by low nutrients and organic carbon. To evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the PAHs removal efficiency of a plant-microbe remediation system, contaminated agricultural soils were amended with different dosages of sewage sludge (SS) and cattle manure (CM) in the presence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and PAHs-degraders (Bacillus sp. and Flavobacterium sp.). The results indicated that the alfalfa mean biomasses varied from 0.56 to 2.23 g/pot in root dry weight and from 1.80 to 4.88 g/pot in shoot dry weight. Low dose amendments, with rates of SS at 0.1% and CM at 1%, had prominent effects on plant growth and soil PAHs degradation. After 60-day incubation, compared with about 5.6% in the control, 25.8% PAHs removal was observed for treatments in the presence of alfalfa and PAHs-degraders; furthermore, when amended with different dosages of SS and CM, the removed PAHs from soils increased by 35.5%-44.9% and 25.5%-42.3%, respectively. In particular, the degradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs was up to 42.4%. Dehydrogenase activities (DH) ranged between 0.41 and 1.83 μupg triphenylformazan/(g dry soil. hr) and the numbers of PAHs-degrading microbes (PDM) ranged from 1.14× 10⁶ to 16.6× 10⁶ most-probable-number/g dry soil. Further investigation of the underlying microbial mechanism revealed that both DH and PDM were stimulated by the addition of organic wastes and significantly correlated with the removal ratio of PAHs. In conclusion, the effect of organic waste application on soil PAHs removal to a great extent is dependent on the interactional effect of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in organic waste and soil microorganisms.     

深圳市大气降水化学组成演化特征分析:1980-2004年

为了定量分析大气降水化学组成的长期变化特征, 采用深圳市1980-2004年的大气降水化学资料进行研究, 所有样品都分析了pH、Cl-、F-、SO42-、NO3-、NH4 、Na 、K 、Ca2 和Mg2 等指标.结果表明: (1) 研究时段内, 降水pH随着时间呈逐渐下降趋势,且pH值在大部分年份均低于5.6, 最低值仅为4.49, 从而对环境酸化产生明显的影响;降水pH还具有较大的时空变异性, 南山和宝安区的pH值低于其它四个区;在月度变化上, 夏秋季节的pH值低于春冬季节.(2) SO42-是降水中最主要的阴离子, 占降水中总离子质量的31.34%～38.95%, 且SO42-对降水酸度的贡献随着时间呈下降趋势;NO3-是除SO42-外最重要的酸根离子, 其浓度随着时间呈上升趋势, 从而对降水酸度的贡献逐渐增强.(3) Ca2 是降水中最主要的阳离子, 占降水中总离子质量的14.34%～20.24%.Na 是除Ca2 外最重要的阳离子, 其浓度随着时间呈增加的趋势, NH4 的浓度则随着时间呈现先上升后下降的趋势.(4) 降水化学组成受到人为源的强烈影响, 在研究时段内, 人为源呈现上升的趋势, 地表源呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 海洋源呈现先下降后上升的趋势.(5) 研究区的降水化学组成有明显的季节和区域差异, 春季和冬季离子含量较高, 在夏季较低;南山区、龙岗区降水中离子浓度高于福田区、盐田区、宝安区和罗湖区.