Performance, microbial community and inhibition kinetics of long-term Cu2+ stress on an air-lift nitritation reactor with self-recirculation

Biological nitrogen removal process could be affected due to the presence of heavy metals owing to their toxicity and accumulation in the sludge.In this study,the impact of Cu~(2+)shock on a long-term nitritation operation was investigated in an air-lift reactor with selfrecirculation.Both the dynamics of microbial community and inhibition kinetics under Cu~(2+) stress were ascertained.The results showed that Cu~(2+) exerted severe inhibition on nitritation performance of an air-lift reactor(ALR) at 25 mg/L.The corresponding NH_4~+-N removal efficiency decreased to below 50%,which was mainly due to the variation of microbial community structure,especially the inhibition of nitrifiers like Nitrosomonas(the relative abundance decreased from 30% to 1% after Cu~(2+)inhibition).Kinetic parameters were obtained and compared after fitting the Haldane model.The long-term Cu~(2+) stress on the ALR aggravated the ammonium affinity and the resistance to substrate self-inhibition of the nitritation sludge,but reduced the resistance to Cu~(2+) inhibition.Furthermore,Cu~(2+)acted as uncompetitive inhibitor on nitritation process.Our results provide new insights into the nitritation characteristics under long-term Cu~(2+) stress.     

Degradation of kanamycin from production wastewater with high-concentration organic matrices by hydrothermal treatment

It is known that many kinds of fermentative antibiotics can be removed by temperature-enhanced hydrolysis from production wastewater based on their easy-to-hydrolyze characteristics. However, a few aminoglycosides are hard to hydrolyze below 100°C because of their stability expressed by high molecular energy gap (ΔE). Herein, removal of hard-to-hydrolyze kanamycin residue from production wastewater by hydrothermal treatment at subcritical temperatures was investigated. The results showed the reaction temperature had a significant impact on kanamycin degradation. The degradation half-life (t_1/2) was shortened by 87.17-fold when the hydrothermal treatment temperature was increased from 100°C to 180°C. The t_1/2 of kanamycin in the N₂ process was extended by 1.08-1.34-fold compared to that of the corresponding air process at reaction temperatures of 140-180°C, indicating that the reactions during hydrothermal treatment process mainly include oxidation and hydrolysis. However, the contribution of hydrolysis was calculated as 75%-98%, which showed hydrolysis played a major role during the process, providing possibilities for the removal of kanamycin from production wastewaters with high-concentration organic matrices. Five transformation products with lower antibacterial activity than kanamycin were identified using UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. More importantly, hydrothermal treatment could remove 97.9% of antibacterial activity (kanamycin EQ, 1,109 mg/L) from actual production wastewater with COD_Cr around 100,000 mg/L. Furthermore, the methane production yield in anaerobic inhibition tests could be increased about 2.3 times by adopting the hydrothermal pretreatment. Therefore, it is concluded that hydrothermal treatment as a pretreatment technology is an efficient method for removing high-concentration hard-to-hydrolyze antibiotic residues from wastewater with high-concentration organic matrices.     

Assessment of sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of lead-polluted soil and production of seed oil and seed meal for human and animal consumption

Phytoremediation is a valuable technology for mitigating soil contamination in agricultural lands, but phytoremediation without economic revenue is unfeasible for land owners and farmers. The use of crops with high biomass and bioenergy for phytoremediation is a unique strategy to derive supplementary benefits along with remediation activities. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a high-biomass crop that can be used for the phytoremediation of polluted lands with additional advantages (biomass and oil). In this study, 40 germplasms of sunflower were screened in field conditions for phytoremediation with the possibility for oil and meal production. The study was carried out to the physiological maturity stage. All studied germplasms mopped up substantial concentrations of Pb, with maximum amounts in shoot?>?root?>?seed respectively. The phytoextraction efficiency of the germplasm was assessed in terms of the Transfer factor (TF), Metal removal efficiency (MRE) and Metal extraction ratio (MER). Among all assessed criteria, GP.8585 was found to be most appropriate for restoring moderately Pb-contaminated soil accompanied with providing high biomass and high yield production. The Pb content in the oil of GP.8585 was below the Food safety standard of China, with 59.5% oleic acid and 32.1% linoleic acid. Moreover, amino acid analysis in meal illustrated significant differences among essential and non-essential amino acids. Glutamic acid was found in the highest percentage (22.4%), whereas cysteine in the lowest percentage (1.3%). Therefore, its efficient phytoextraction ability and good quality edible oil and meal production makes GP.8585 the most convenient sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of moderately Pb-contaminated soil, with fringe benefits to farmers and landowners.     

石化企业液化石油气装卸系统存在的问题及治理

按照有关法规、标准,系统分析了目前部分石油化工企业液化石油气装车系统存在的一些主要共性问题,以及由此可能引发的泄漏和火灾爆炸事故,并有针对性提出了治理办法。     

Managed grassland alters soil N dynamics and N2O emissions in temperate steppe

Reclamation of degraded grasslands as managed grasslands has been increasingly accelerated in recent years in China. Land use change affects soil nitrogen(N) dynamics and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions. However, it remains unclear how large-scale grassland reclamation will impact the grassland ecosystem as a whole. Here, we investigated the effects of the conversion from native to managed grasslands on soil N dynamics and N_2O emissions by field experiments in Hulunber in northern China. Soil(0–10 cm), nitrate(NO_3~-),ammonium(NH_4~+), and microbial N were measured in plots in a temperate steppe(Leymus chinensis grassland) and two managed grasslands(Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis grasslands) in 2011 and 2012. The results showed conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa or B. inermis grasslands decreased concentrations of NO_3~–-N, but did not change NH_4~–N . Soil microbial N was slightly decreased by the conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa, but increased by the conversion to B. inermis. The conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M. sativa(i.e., a legume grass) increased N_2O emissions by 26.2%, while the conversion to the B. inermis(i.e., a non-legume grass) reduced N_2O emissions by 33.1%. The conversion from native to managed grasslands caused large created variations in soil NO?3~-+–N and NH_4~–N concentrations. Net N mineralization rates did not change significantly in growing season or vegetation type, but to net nitrification rate. These results provide evidence on how reclamation may impact the grassland ecosystem in terms of N dynamics and N_2O emissions.     

Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate coating on adsorption of methylene blue by biochar from aqueous solution

Biochar is regarded as a promising new class of materials due to its multifunctional character and the possibility of effectively coupling different properties. With increasing introduction into the environment, environmental chemicals such as surfactants will load onto the released biochar and change its physicochemical characteristics and adsorption behavior toward pollutants. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), as one type of anionic surfactant, was coated onto biochar with different loading amounts. The influence of SDS loading onto biochar's physicochemical properties were investigated by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, zeta potential and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) surface area and pore size distribution analysis. Results showed that the pore size of the biochar decreased gradually with the increase of SDS loading because of the surface-adsorption and pore-blocking processes; the p H of the point of zero charge(pHPZC) decreased with increasing SDS loading. Although surface-coating with SDS decreased the pore size of the biochar, its adsorption capacity toward Methylene Blue(MB) significantly increased. The biochar-bound SDS introduced functional groups and negative charges to the biochar surface, which could thus enhance the adsorption of MB via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. The results can shed light on the underlying mechanism of the influence of anionic surfactants on the adsorption of MB by biochar.     

区域物质流规模结构分析评价方法及应用研究

生态经济体系中环境的引导和调控作用是经济系统物质代谢的重要组成部分.为了更为完善地分析评价经济发展和环境压力的关系,在输入端、输出端物质流规模和结构分析中侧重于物质隐藏流的综合计算,并以广州市南沙区为例进行实证研究.研究结果表明:南沙区域出口与出口物质隐藏流呈逐步上升趋势;南沙区的区内生产过程排放呈现"先降后增、总体递增"的趋势,今后南沙区应加强对工业生产过程中工业固废和二氧化硫排放的监控.     

含铝酸性农药废水合成聚合硫酸铝混凝剂

采用农药三唑醇生产过程中产生的含铝酸性废水为原料,合成了聚合硫酸铝(PAS)液体混凝剂,并用于厂区污水站好氧池出水的混凝处理。考察了碱化剂用量、聚合温度、聚合时间等合成条件及PAS加入量、混凝pH等混凝条件对混凝效果的影响,并比较了PAS与商售聚合氯化铝(PAC)的混凝效果。实验结果表明:在n(碱化剂)∶n(硫酸铝)为2.1∶1、聚合温度为80℃、聚合时间为60 min的条件下,所得PAS液体混凝剂产品的w(Al2O3)为7.8%~9.0%,盐基度为45%~60%,pH为3.5~4.0,产量为0.75 t/t(以废水计);在PAS加入量为2.0 m L/L、混凝pH为10.0时,COD和SS的去除率则分别达到14.6%和83.0%;该PAS可替代厂区常规使用的商售PAC,日节约废水处理成本5 922元。     

基于UNMIX模型对大气降雨中水溶性离子来源解析

对洛杉矾2005年1月至2015年1月的降水数据进行了分析,并通过UNMIX模型对降水中的无机离子成分进行了来源解析.结果表明,洛杉矶降水的pH均值为4.84,表现为轻度污染的弱酸性水平;降水的污染来源主要有3个,分别是二次污染源(50％)、海洋传输源(43％)、燃煤源及生物质燃烧源(7％);降水中离子解析结果与洛杉矶地区细颗粒物污染来源解析结果有较好的一致性,表明在细颗粒物化学成分缺失的情况下,降水离子可在一定程度上反应污染来源解析.     

供给侧结构性改革与环境保护的相互影响

在经济增长放缓,市场中高端需求扩大,但有效供给不足的形势下,国家推行供给侧结构性改革,以期调整产业结构,提高生产率.对于具有政策驱动性特点的环保产业,此轮改革既是机遇也是挑战.环保产业的供给侧结构性改革,对于科技、资本、人才、信息和创新等高级要素的投入提出了新的要求.同时,公众对环境保护的需求又会倒逼供给侧结构性改革的推行.文中介绍了供给侧结构性改革的内涵和必要性,阐述了环保约束对供给侧结构性改革的影响和供给侧结构性改革对环保领域的影响,旨在为环保产业在新常态下的大力发展提供借鉴.