Sources and environmental behavior of dechlorane plus--a review

Intensive research has been carried out in the past few years on the occurrence and behavior of dechlorane plus (DP) in the environment, biota and humans. This review summarizes the information and research results generated since DP was first identified in the environment in 2006. We describe the reported measurement methods for DP and provide an integrated picture of its occurrence and behavior as an environmental contaminant. DP in ambient air and sediments is characterized by strong source related concentration elevations and temporal trends reflecting commercial use. Long-range atmospheric transportation of DP has been observed in remote regions, indicating a global presence of DP. Levels of DP in biota and in humans further reinforce its source related distribution. The change in DP isomer ratio in various environmental matrices from commercial products indicates that the behavior of the two isomers is not the same in the environment or in biota. With only limited data available so far, the biomagnification of DP in aquatic biota has not been conclusively demonstrated. This review also looks at reported dechlorination products of DP that might be of interest in future research.     

Occurrence, partition behavior, source and ecological risk assessment of nitro-PAHs in the sediment and water of Taige Canal, China

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are widespread organic pollutants that possess carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, so they may pose a risk to the environment and human health. In this study, the concentrations of 15 NPAHs and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 30 surface water samples and 26 sediment samples were measured in 2018 from the Taige Canal, one of the main rivers flowing into Taihu Lake, China. The total NPAH concentrations in water and sediment ranged from 14.7 to 235 ng/L and 22.9 to 96.5 ng/g dw, respectively. 9-nitrophenanthrene (nd–76.3 ng/L) was the dominant compound in surface water, while 2+3-nitrofluoranthene (1.73–18.1 ng/g dw) dominated in sediment. Among PAHs, concentration ranging from 1,097 to 2,981 ng/L and 1,089 to 4,489 ng/g dw in surface water and sediment, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between the log octanol-water partition coefficient (K_ow) and log sediment-water partition coefficient due to hydrophobic interaction. The fugacity fraction value increased with the decrease of log K_ow, and chrysene was transferred from water into sediment. The residual NPAHs in surface water and sediment of the Taige Canal have partial correlation. Diesel engine and coal combustion emissions were probably the principal sources of NPAHs in surface water and sediment. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that some NPAHs in water (e.g, 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene) and sediment (e.g., 2-nitrobiphenyl, 5-nitroacenaphthene, 9-nitrophenanthrene and 2+3-nitrofluoranthene) had moderate ecological risks, which should be of concern.     

某工业场地砷污染的加密布点优化与精度对比分析

场地污染调查是开展场地风险评估和修复的基础,随着我国颁布建设用地土壤风险管控标准等文件,提出风险筛选值和管制值的分级管控体系,我国土壤污染调查工作对于精确掌握污染物浓度梯度及空间分布有了更高的要求,因而如何构建高效采样布点方法变得尤为重要.本研究以南京市某砷工业污染场地为例,开展了优化布点方法与调查精度的研究.首先,在初查数据的基础上,运用指示克里格的方法预测土壤污染概率,参考城市土壤背景值开展阈值设定,提取加密布点区域,之后结合场地历史生产资料与自然信息布设加密点位,最终将插值预测污染结果与非加密、均匀加密、真实情况结果进行对比,验证方法精度.结果表明：本方法符合国际中基于设计抽样以达到场地调查简单、经济、客观的理念,适用于数据存在明显空间相关性的场地;该方法获得的污染区域面积占比为8.32%,与8.57%的现实情况较为接近,但普通法得到的污染面积比相对未加密情况不升反降,可能的原因是在非污染区域增设点位会造成阈值边缘区域在模拟时往清洁区域偏移,污染区域被误判为清洁,反而造成结果偏差;在目前我国环境管理对超阈范围重点关注的背景下,该方法既能够节约布点成本,又精确化预测场地污染超标范围,为后续的场地修复和治理工作提供帮助.     

Ce-Mn复合氧化物上PTA尾气的催化燃烧

研究了在Ce-Mn复合氧化物上对苯二甲酸（PTA）生产尾气中有机杂质的催化燃烧效果。考察了W/V杂质、床层入口温度、有机杂质体积分数和总体积空速等对对二甲苯、醋酸甲酯催化燃烧的影响,结果表明：以空气作为氧化剂,当W/V杂质大于200 g.min/L,有机杂质体积分数低于0.8%,反应气体总空速低于30 000 h-1,...     

茅岭江流域入河污染源问题诊断及其防治对策研究

通过收集与调查2012年茅岭江流域范围内各类污染源排污及其污染物处理处置情况的基础数据,依据排污系数法和入河系数法核算污染物排放量及入河量.结果表明,城镇生活污染源污染物入河量最大,占总入河污染物量的36.3%;其次为畜禽养殖,占27.6%;第三为农村生活污染源,占13.9%;其它污染源排入的污染物入河量较少,占22.1%.文章还分析了流域内污染物主要来源于上述三种污染源的主要原因,并提出了相应的保护对策.     

化学洗脱法去除生物过滤塔中菌体的研究

研究生物量控制技术对于提高生物过滤法处理VOCs气体的长期运行性能具有重要意义.用4套平行的生物过滤塔处理甲苯气体,考察了NaOH溶液对生物过滤塔中菌体的去除效果及其对过滤塔去除甲苯性能的影响.NaOH循环洗脱的试验结果表明,在0.2%～0.8%的NaOH浓度范围内,适宜的循环洗脱持续时间为2～3 h.在4个试验浓度下,浓度为0.4%的NaOH溶液对菌体的去除效果最佳,此时菌体洗脱以脱附作用为主.对不同化学洗脱方式进行综合比较发现,循环洗脱是较为适宜的化学洗脱方式.对过滤塔甲苯去除性能的监测表明,洗脱后过滤塔的去除性能可在3～4 d内恢复,不同浓度NaOH对去除性能的影响差别不大.     

固定化微生物对河水的脱氮效果研究

研究了不同方法制作的固定化微生物颗粒对于河水的脱氮效果,实验证明,采用聚乙烯醇-活性炭包埋法制作的固定化微生物颗粒(IMPⅠ)与聚乙烯醇-聚乙二醇包埋法制作的固定化微生物颗粒(IMPⅡ)的脱氮效果较好,但由于包埋材料在河水中的溶出造成COD急剧升高,会对河水造成二次污染.利用载体结合法制作的固定化微生物(IMPⅢ)进行5个周期的河水净化实验,结果发现,COD的去除率维持在75%～95%,氨氮的去除率为45%～95%,硝酸盐氮的去除率维持在95%～100%,亚硝酸盐氮的去除率为70%～99%,总氮的去除率保持在55%～80%.研究表明,载体结合法制作的固定化微生物颗粒稳定性好、强度高、微生物活性良好,颗粒可多次重复使用,在河水净化方面有良好的应用前景.     

新型三维多孔光热材料制备及其高盐废水处理应用

高盐废水处理存在处理难度大和能耗成本高等问题.近年来发展的界面光蒸汽水处理技术以绿色、高效和低能耗等特点成为了目前水资源回收利用领域的研究热点.本研究以纤维状结构的碳化氮(h-CN)修饰石墨烯(r-GO),通过水热反应制备了新型三维多孔石墨烯复合材料(3D h-CN/r-GO),并以硝基苯和苯酚作为模拟污染物,考察了其光热蒸发处理高盐废水的性能.研究结果表明,所制备的3D h-CN/r-GO材料具备宽光谱吸收范围和多级孔道结构,并呈现出快速热响应的特点.在模拟太阳光照条件下,光蒸汽转化效率可达90.4%.并且在处理过程中可实现硝基苯和苯酚等常见挥发性污染物的吸附,其吸附容量分别为67.6 mg·g^-1和57.5 mg·g^-1.而且, 3D h-CN/r-GO可实现长时间稳定的光热水体蒸发回收,且对污染物及盐分截留率高达98%左右,冷凝水体达到污水处理的排放标准.因此,本研究为高盐废水的低能耗和低成本处理提供了一种新的技术.     

顶空-气相色谱法测定水中三乙胺浓度

建立了测定水中三乙胺浓度的项空-气相色谱法。在恒温的密闭容器中,强碱性时水样中的三乙胺在气、液两相间分配直至达到平衡,取水样上方气相样品,使用气相色谱-氢火焰检测器（FID）进行检测,通过外标法测定样品中待测物质浓度。实验表明,在碱性条件下,三乙胺采用顶空气相色谱法测试时具备良好的响应线性,相关系数〉0．999。加入无机盐氯化钠后可以显著提高检测灵敏度,测定下限可以达到0．5mg／L。     

一株氯苯优势降解菌的降解条件优化

以氯苯降解率为降解效果指标,以降解温度、初始pH、降解时间、接种量和氯苯初始浓度为影响因素,对实验室保藏的一株氯苯优势降解菌株Lysinibacillus fusiformis LW13降解氯苯的降解条件进行优化。单因素试验结果表明,该降解菌株对氯苯的适宜降解条件分别为:温度20～40℃,pH为8.0,降解时间4 d,接种量2%～4%,氯苯初始浓度60～140 mg/L。以降解温度、氯苯初始浓度和接种量这三个显著影响因素进行正交试验,结果表明各影响因素的主次顺序为降解温度>氯苯初始浓度>接种量,最佳降解条件为降解温度35℃、氯苯初始浓度100 mg/L和接种量4%,最佳降解条件下氯苯降解率可高达93.8%。