Simultaneous quantification of fifty-one odor-causing compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor(TO)problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid–liquid extraction(LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(GC–MS/MS)was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water,including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4,were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards(4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity(R2 0.99, level = 7),and method detection limits(MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants(0.10–20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible(RSD 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were analyzed by this method.According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.     

Quantum dots enhance Cu2+-induced hepatic L02 cells toxicity

As a new class of xenogenous nanoparticle,quantum dots (QDs) possess the potential to co-exist with Cu2+ in human liver.The combined toxicity is thus concerned.Considering QDs and Cu2+ are known ROS (reactive oxygen species) inducer,we investigated the combined oxidative stress and corresponding protective strategy using human hepatic L02 cells.The results demonstrated that the presence of a small amount of MPA-CdTe QDs (2 μg/mL) in a Cu2+ solution (2.5-20 μg/mL) resulted in a higher toxicity with up to 8-fold cell viability decrease,which was accompanied by cell morphology changes.The combined toxicity was then confirmed as ROS associated oxidative stress with up to 300% and 35% increase of the intracellular ROS level and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity,respectively.N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can also provide almost complete protection against the induced toxicity.Therefore,the ROS associated oxidant injury might be responsible for the QDs-Cu2+/Cu2+ induced toxicity and could be balanced through cytoprotective antioxidant enzyme GST.     

活性炭吸附处理洗毛废水的研究

通过活性炭吸附两种不同处理方法处理后的洗毛废水。研究了活性炭的吸附容量和吸附机理。结果表明：活性炭吸附无机酸酸化处理后,废水和高分子絮凝剂处理后,废水中COD的吸附容量分别为：70mg／g和43mg／g。进一步研究发现,两种废水中小分子组分和疏水性组分的含量差异是造成活性炭吸附效果差异的主要原因。     

三峡库区次级河流流域生态脆弱性评价——以重庆市小安溪流域为例

文章以重庆市小安溪流域为例,根据流域的生态环境特点,对导致流域生态环境脆弱程度恶化的主要因素——地质、资源、经济等因素进行统计分析并做出综合评价,最后再根据综合评价指数进行结果分析与讨论,为缓解小安溪流域生态环境脆弱程度的进一步恶化提出合理化建议。     

光合细菌及活性污泥法联用工艺处理明胶废水试验

研究了光合细菌(photo-synthetic bacteria,简称PSB)及活性污泥法联用工艺处理明胶生产过程中产生的高浓度有机废水的可行性。经过光合细菌及活性污泥先后次序的变换,得出了最优处理工艺。结果表明:PSB+活性污泥工艺、活性污泥+PSB工艺COD去除率平均值分别为94.7%和96.0%;活性污泥+PSB工艺有较强的去除钙质和耐冲击负荷的能力,该工艺适合处理此种含高钙、高氯、高碱明胶的废水。     

几种吸附材料在含油废水处理中的应用

含油废水的来源广泛、成分复杂且对环境危害严重,吸附法是处理含油废水常用的方法,吸附剂性能的优劣对处理含油废水有至关重要的影响。介绍几种典型的吸附材料包括活性炭、高吸油树脂、粉煤灰和膨润土;活性炭是处理含油废水最常用的吸附材料,高吸油树脂则是新型的有机吸附剂,粉煤灰来源广且价格低廉,膨润土资源丰富;几种吸附材料各有优点缺点,其特性、吸附机理、在含油废水处理中的应用也不尽相同,通过比较分析,提出了未来用于含油废水处理吸附材料的发展趋势。     

城市污泥中磷的释放与回收

基于我国磷资源和城市污泥的现状,针对城市污泥中的营养元素,分析了城市污泥中磷回收的必要性;探讨了城市污泥中磷由固相释放至液相的微生物消化法、热处理法和药剂溶出法等;综述了回收液相中磷的磷酸铵镁、磷酸镁钾、磷酸钠钾镁结晶法和磷酸钙盐沉淀法的原理和研究现状;展望了城市污泥中磷释放与回收技术的研究、开发与应用前景。     

城市地震次生火灾分析及处置对策

现代城市地震次生火灾发生概率大,扑救难度大,极易造成大量的人员伤亡以及财产损失。大量的统计数据表明,震后火灾的诱因、时空分布及消亡因素有着一定的规律性。本文在详细分析城市地震次生火灾发生的原因、火灾时空分布及危害特点的基础上,针对应急处置对策和长远处置对策等方面提出了新的观点,可供消防部队处置此类灾害时参考。     

Removal of humic acid from aqueous solution by cetylpyridinium bromide modified zeolite

Natural zeolite was modified by loading cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) to create more e cient sites for humic acid (HA) adsorption. The natural and CPB modified zeolites were characterized with X-ray di raction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The e ects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, initial HA concentration, solution pH and coexistent Ca2+, upon HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolites were evaluated. The results showed that natural zeolite had negligible a nity for HA in aqueous solutions, but CPB modified zeolites exhibited high adsorption e ciency for HA. A higher CPB loading on natural zeolites exhibited a larger HA adsorption capacity. Acidic pH and coexistent Ca2+ were proved to be favorable for HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolite. The kinetic process was well described by pseudo second-order model. The experimental isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir and Sips models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CPB modified zeolite with surfactant bilayer coverage was found to be 92.0 mg/g.     

2000年环保战略目标定量考核方法研究

参加国家环保局科技3项费用课题《2000年环境保护战略目标定量考核指标研究》的8个地区对于2000年环保战略目标提出了不同的考核方法.本文在深入分析各种考核方法的基础上,通过归纳总结,向读者推荐几种基本方法,它们是 TOPS(?)S 方法、简单加性加权法和公式计分法.这些方法是一些基本的数学手段,通过对各具体考核指标的适当综合,归纳出表征总体目标实现程度的数值.即:这些方法是整体考核方法,从整体上说明存在问题和差距,为决策者提供实现环保战略目标的科学依据.