城市化进程中长江经济带长江干流水化学演变特征及影响因素

快速的城市化过程对城市周边水体水化学组成特征产生了诸多影响.为揭示长江经济带城市群发展对长江水化学特征的影响,于2020年10—11月沿长江干流,采集了四川宜宾至上海145个河流水样,并对比了历史水化学数据.同时,运用数理统计、离子比值法等方法探究了长江经济带平水期水化学特征.结果表明：长江河水的主要水化学类型为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型,主要受流域内分布的碳酸盐岩等岩石风化作用控制;河水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主,Cl^-浓度沿径流方向升高,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度沿径流方向先升高后降低,SO₄^2-浓度沿径流方向逐渐上升,HCO₃^-浓度沿径流方向降低;城市化进程中,由于人类活动和工业活动加剧,除HCO₃^-外,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺     

Numerical evaluation of the effectiveness of NO2 and N2O5 generation during the NO ozonation process

Wet scrubbing combined with ozone oxidation has become a promising technology for simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO_x in exhaust gas. In this paper, a new 20-species, 76-step detailed kinetic mechanism was proposed between O₃ and NO_x. The concentration of N₂O₅ was measured using an in-situ IR spectrometer. The numerical evaluation results kept good pace with both the public experiment results and our experiment results. Key reaction parameters for the generation of NO₂ and N₂O₅ during the NO ozonation process were investigated by a numerical simulation method. The effect of temperature on producing NO₂ was found to be negligible. To produce NO₂, the optimal residence time was 1.25 sec and the molar ratio of O₃/NO about 1. For the generation of N₂O₅, the residence time should be about 8 sec while the temperature of the exhaust gas should be strictly controlled and the molar ratio of O₃/NO about 1.75. This study provided detailed investigations on the reaction parameters of ozonation of NO_x by a numerical simulation method, and the results obtained should be helpful for the design and optimization of ozone oxidation combined with the wet flue gas desulfurization methods (WFGD) method for the removal of NO_x.     

Removal and transformation of organic matters in domestic wastewater during lab-scale chemically enhanced primary treatment and a trickling filter treatment

To find a simple and economical way for treating the domestic wastewater in small counties and towns, a process combining chemically enhanced primary treatment and a trickling filter (CEPT-TF, representing the physical and biological effects) was constructed and operated in laboratory conditions. The characteristic behaviors of dissolved organic matter in raw wastewater and effluents were examined during steady-state operation. Experimental results showed that the process of CEPT and TF in series was beneficial for the removal of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organics. Specially, the hydrophobic and aromatic materials could be preferentially removed in the CEPT unit, and the hydrophilic fraction in the TF. Structural changes of the organic fractions during the operation of the different units were also characterized via spectrum analysis.     

Response of soil microorganisms to vegetational succession in Ziwuling Forest

This study investigates the changes in soil microbial populations as vegetational succession progress from abandoned farmland to climax forest in the Ziwuling Forest, which is located in the northern part of the Loess Plateau, China. Different organic C and total extractable N between the fumigated and non-fumigated soils were assumed to be released from soil microorganisms. Soil microbial C was calculated using Kec = 0.38 and microbial N was calculated using Ken = 0.45. The released P was converted to microbial biomass P using Kep = 0.40. Soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased as the vegetational succession progressed. Microbial C was of the highest amount in farmland. Microbial C, N, and P generally increased from abandoned land to climax community. The results indicated significant (P < 0.05) diversities of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation. There was a significant correlation between microbial biomass and soil nutrients. Knowledge about soil microbial populations is important for forecasting vegetational succession and determining the ecological condition of the environment.     

自我决定理论在环境教育中的应用

自我决定理论指在自我决定的意义上说,行为是主观上自主选择、自主决定的,而不是迫于某种内在需要或外在力量的压力。自我决定动机区分了促进内部动机的社会环境,分别涉及三种不同的心理需要：胜任、自主和关系。三个基本的需要缺一不可,也就是说只有在三个基本心理需要都得到满足时,自我决定动机和自我决定行为才能产生。教师在环境教育课程中运用自我决定理论培养学生环境动机,可采用三种教学策略：获取学校其他教师、行政人员、家长和社会的支持;选择学生感兴趣的,具有挑战性的问题;采用合作学习与探究学习的方式。     

人工湿地堵塞机理及防堵措施浅析及研究

人工湿地作为一种高效率、低投资、低运行费用、低能耗的污水处理技术,越来越受到世界各国的关注。随着人工湿地的不断推广与应用,堵塞是影响其应用和推广的主要因素之一。湿地发生堵塞后,基质的渗透系数会急剧下降,过水能力也随之降低,大量引入湿地系统的污水直接雍积在湿地表面,长期积水引发恶臭、导致蚊蝇滋生,恶化运行环境。本文通过对人工湿地运行过程中出现的填料堵塞机理与特点进行分析,归纳和总结了人工湿地堵塞的影响因素,提出了人工湿地堵塞相应的解决措施,提高人工湿地对污水的处理效果,以期能够为人工湿地的应用及推广提供参考。     

超高效液相色谱（UPLC^TM）的优点及其在环境监测中的应用

文章在系统介绍超高效液相色谱技术（UPLC^TM）工作原理的基础上,总结了UPLC^TM系统在分离度、分析速度、灵敏度等方面的先进性,并以三种污染物（有机酚、氨基甲酸酯类农药、硝基苯）的UPLC^TM分析结果为、例对其在环境监测领域的应用进行了说明,以期为丰富和改进环境分析手段提供参考。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定轻质油中痕量砷时样品前处理方法的探讨

研究了轻质油中痕量砷的几种样品处理方法。实验表明，石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定时，用碘-甲苯和H2O2-HNO3相结合处理轻质油样品较为合适，萃取效率可达90％。并对影响萃取测定的其它因素作了初步探讨。     

企业实用安全评价方法初探--一种简单易行的企业自我评价方法

分析了当前我国安全评价中存在的问题,探讨一种企业实用的安全综合评价方法.介绍该方法的评价原理、程序和步骤,总结该评价方法的功能、特点和适用范围,提出改进方向.