Scenarios of major terrestrial ecosystems in China

The spatial pattern and mean-center shift of major terrestrial ecosystems, termed Holdridge Life Zones (HLZ), during the periods from 1961 to 1990 (T1), from 2010 to 2039 (T2), from 2040 to 2069 (T3) and from 2070 to 2099 (T4) were analyzed by combining the zonal patterns of climatic change in China and the climatic change scenarios of HadCM2 and HadCM3. The results showed that nival area would decrease rapidly with temperature increase in the future. HadCM2 and HadCM3 predicted that the nival areas might disappear in 552 years and 204 years, respectively. Using both HadCM2 and HadCM3, the five HLZ types with the largest areal extent are nival zone, cool temperate moist forest, warm temperate moist forest, subtropical moist forest and boreal wet forest, which collectively account for more than 50% of China's land mass. Among these five HLZ types, nival zone, warm temperate moist forest and boreal wet forest would decrease continuously, whereas subtropical moist forest and cool temperate forest would increase continuously during the four periods. HLZ diversity and patch connectivity would increase continuously in the 21st century. The shift distances of mean centers of HLZ types simulated using HadCM3 were markedly greater than those simulated using HadCM2, in general. The results from both HadCM2 and HadCM3 showed that boreal wet forest, subtropical moist forest, tropical dry forest, warm temperate moist forest and subtropical wet forest had bigger shift ranges, indicating that these HLZ types are more sensitive to the climatic change scenarios of HadCM2 and HadCM3.     

广州市区大气污染特征与影响因子分析

以2000—2004年广州市国控测点的空气环境质量自动监测结果为基础数据,以我国《大气环境质量标准》的日平均质量浓度二级标准为依据计算广州市2000—2004年的各大气污染物的指数及污染负荷率,阐明广州市区主要大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、CO的地域分布特征、季节变化特征、年际变化特征以及由于大气中的酸性物质而形成的酸雨的变化特征并提出研究对策。结果表明:各污染物质量浓度存在明显的季节变化规律,除SO2春夏秋季污染最严重,其余几项污染程度由高到低的顺序均为冬季,春季,秋季,夏季。近5年来空气中的一氧化碳呈显著下降趋势,但二氧化硫、二氧化氮和可吸入颗粒物则呈显著上升趋势,综合污染指数也呈明显上升趋势;酸雨频率呈不显著上升且夏秋季污染大于春冬两季。广州市大气污染分布规律与风向频率以北和东北偏北方向较大,东和东南方向次之的分布基本一致。     

土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓（Opisthopora）影响的研究

研究了重金属污染区蚯蚓的群落结构、污染指示种类、以及污染影响的毒理指标．结果表明：随着重金属污染程度的增加，蚯蚓种类减少，蚯蚓体内重金属元素富集量增加．蚯蚓毒理实验表明：Ｃｄ中毒后过氧化物同工酶活性增加，脂酶同工酶活性减弱．Ｐｂ中毒后蚯蚓过氧化物酶和脂酶同工酶活性均增加．     

腈纶粉尘对作业工人健康影响的调查

为探讨腈纶粉尘对作业工人健康的影响,对某腈纶厂毛条车间进行了劳动卫生学调查.该车间粉尘浓度为4.2(0.1～24)mg/m3,主要对接触人员上呼吸道和皮肤有刺激作用,同时导致肺通气功能受到明显损伤,部分工人胸部X线表现异常.提示车间环境中时间加权平均容许浓度超过2mg/m3、短时间接触容许浓度超过4mg/m3尘的卫生标准不能充分保护工人健康.     

抚顺市环境噪声现状及控制对策

本文以抚顺市1996年2005年的噪声监测资料为依据，分析了抚顺市的环境噪声污染现状、特征，指出存在的主要问题是：社会生活噪声突出、交通噪声污染显著。并据此探索合理的防治措施——噪声控制规划纳入城市发展规划及强化城市环境噪声管理。     

Time-series analysis of above-road particulate matter at the Caldecott Tunnel exit

On November 18, 1997, above-road particulate matter (PM) lidar (light detection and ranging) signals and heavy-duty (HD) and light-duty (LD) vehicle counts were simultaneously collected for 894 10-sec sampling periods at the Caldecott Tunnel in Orinda, CA, for the purpose of measuring the relative contributions of LD and HD vehicles to the PM lidar signal under real-world driving conditions. The relationship between the PM lidar signal and traffic activity (i.e., LD and HD traffic volumes) was examined using a time-series analysis technique, multilagged regression. The time-series model results indicate that the PM lidar signal in the current sampling period (PMt) depended on the level recorded in the previous three sampling periods (i.e., PMt-1, PMt-2, and PMt-3), the number of LD vehicles in the seventh past sampling period (LDt-7), and the number of HD vehicles measured 80 sec previous to the current sampling period (HDt-8). On a 10-sec period basis, the model results indicate that HD vehicles contributed, on average, 3 times more to above-road PM lidar signals than did LD vehicles. The observed lag in the relationship between vehicle types and the lidar signal 20 m above the road suggests that resuspended road dust, rather than tailpipe exhaust emissions, was the main source of the detected PM. Detection of road dust at such heights above the road suggests the need for investigating the processes governing the vertical transport and recycling of PM over the road as a function of vehicle dynamics under a range of meteorological conditions.     

小型圆环状尖端脉冲电晕等离子体除尘器的研制

本文介绍一种小型的脉冲电晕等离子体除尘器 ,它采用圆环状尖端电晕极 ,电晕放电稳定 ,放电电流较集中 ,不容易产生火花放电     

Mussel watch: a review of Cu and other metals in various marine organisms in Taiwan, 1991-98

This study presents the distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg and As in various marine organisms collected along the western coast of Taiwan from 1991 to 1998, and also evaluates the time variation of Cu in oysters before (1980-85) and after (1986-98) the "green oyster" incident. The results show that relatively high geometric mean (GM) concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Hg were generally found in Crassostrea gigas (Cu=229 microg/g, Zn=783 microg/g), Gomphina aeguialtera (Pb=30.3 microg/g), Tegillarca granosa (Cd=2.85 microg/g), Thais clavigera (As=96.9 microg/g) and Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Hg=1.35 microg/g), respectively. Especially, maximum Cu and Zn concentrations (GM=229 and 783 microg/g, respectively) in oysters (C. gigas) from different culture areas were much higher than those of the other organisms by about 1.13-458 and 2.40-63.7 times, respectively. Similarly, rock-shells (Thais clavigera) had a high capacity for accumulating Cu (GM=202 microg/g) and Zn (GM=326 microg/g) under the same physico-chemical conditions. The highest GM Cu and Zn concentrations of 1108 (range from 113 to 2806) and 1567 (range from 303 to 3593) microg/g were obtained in oysters from the Hsiangshan coastal area, one of the most important oyster culture areas in Taiwan. However, the highest GM Cd and As concentrations of 6.82 and 19.3 microg/g were found in oysters from the Machu Islands. Mean Cu concentrations in the oysters from the Erhjin Chi estuary declined from 2194+/-212 microg/g in 1986-90 to 545 microg/g (GM) in 1991-96. In the Hsiganshan area, GM Cu concentrations of 909 microg/g (1991-96) and 1351 microg/g (1997-98) in oysters were significantly higher than those of 201 microg/g (1980-85) and 682 microg/g (1986-90). The gradually increasing levels of Cu and Zn in the oysters from the Hsiangshan area have been observed year by year.     

三峡库区垃圾污染现状及治理技术

如何搞好三峡库区的生态环境保护已成为全世界关注的课题，介绍了库区生活垃圾污染现状，并根据库区生活垃圾的特性及当地的经济发展和自然条件，对三峡库区生活垃圾的综合治理进行了系统研究，建议三峡库区垃圾实行分类收集，系统地将城区生活垃圾的管理、收集、运输和处理等各个环节有机结合起来，逐步建立起高效完善的现代化城市生活垃圾管理体系。重点介绍了准好氧垃圾卫生填埋技术和CBS（Cental Bilolgical System）城市生活垃圾高效菌种堆肥技术，秭归、巴东等烧煤区生活垃圾含无机物成分较高，建议选用准好氧填埋技术；涪陵、开县、忠县等燃气区生活垃圾有机物成分较高，已具备一定的资源化价值，高效菌种CBS堆肥技术在燃气区具有广阔的前景。     

弱磁场强化氧化石墨烯负载纳米零价铁(GO-nFe0/WMF)对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除特性及机制

利用共沉淀法成功制备出绿色、高效且具有较强重复利用性和抗氧化性能的介孔磁性材料氧化石墨烯负载纳米零价铁(GO-nFe~0).通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、比表面积测试仪(BET)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等表征手段对GO-nFe~0的形貌、结构以及元素价态进行分析.研究了弱磁场(WMF)协同GO-nFe~0体系(GO-nFe~0/WMF)处理水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的特性和机制,并且考察了不同反应条件对体系去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.结果表明,当氧化石墨烯(GO)与纳米零价铁(nFe~0)的负载质量比为1∶10且在20 mT弱磁感应强度的最佳条件下,GO-nFe~0/WMF能够在30 min内完全去除浓度为10mg·L~(-1)的Cr(Ⅵ).随着体系初始pH值的降低和材料投加量的增加,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效率显著提高.无机阴离子(Cl~-,SO_4~(2-))对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除表现出促进作用,而ClO~-_4和CO_3~(2-)则分别表现出无明显影响和抑制效果.GO-nFe~0在循环利用5次以及暴露空气中30 d仍能保持较高的反应活性.通过XRD、XPS以及邻菲啰啉掩蔽实验证明:GO-nFe~0/WMF体系具有潜在的协同作用,GO可以提高WMF促进nFe~0的腐蚀速率并提高电子转移速率,从而释放更多的Fe~(2+).