A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

碱性催化剂对农业废物液化产生生物油和气体的影响

采用热化学处理法对农业废物玉米秸秆和苹果渣进行处理,3种碱性物质Na2CO3、K2CO3和KOH作为催化剂,都能不同程度提高液化生物油收率、减少固体残渣收率.但碱性催化剂会降低气体收率,因而不适合作为以获得气体产物为目的的生物质气化试验的催化剂.就增加液化生物油收率方面而言,Na2CO3的催化效果最好,KOH催化效果次之,K2CO3的催化效果最差.     

垃圾渗滤液脱氮新方法综述

有效去除垃圾渗滤液中的氮是一项艰巨的任务,传统的先硝化后反硝化处理方法存在的主要问题是反硝化阶段碳源不足和总氮去除效率过低。研究中研究人员提出了好氧反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和短程硝化反硝化等新方法。好氧反硝化菌可以利用硝化过程中充足的碳源进行反硝化;厌氧氨氧化是在缺氧条件下,以NO-2为电子受体,直接把氨氧化成N2;短程硝化反硝化将脱氮过程控制在亚硝化阶段,不但节省了反硝化过程中的碳源,而且减少了能量的消耗。本文对这些方法及其在实践的应用进行了论述。     

Hydrothermal fabrication and visible-light-driven photocatalytic properties of bismuth vanadate with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures for Methyl Orange degradation

Monoclinic BiVO₄ with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures were fabricated using the hydrothermal strategy. The materials were characterized by means of the XRD, Raman, TGA/DSC, SEM, XPS, and UV-Vis techniques. The photocatalytic activities of the BiVO₄ materials were evaluated for the degradation of Methyl Orange under visible-light irradiation. It is observed that pH value and surfactant exerted a great effect on the morphology and pore structure of the BiVO₄ product. Spherical BiVO₄ with porous structures, flower-cluster-like BiVO₄, and flower-bundle-like BiVO₄ were generated hydrothermally at 100℃ with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and urea (pH = 2) and at 160℃ with NaHCO₃ (pH = 7 and 8), respectively. The PVP-derived BiVO₄ showed much higher surface areas (5.0-8.4 m²/g) and narrower bandgap energies (2.45-2.49 eV). The best photocatalytic performance of the spherical BiVO₄ material with a surface area of 8.4 m²/g was associated with its higher surface area, narrower bandgap energy, higher surface oxygen vacancy density, and unique porous architecture.     

污泥前置物化减量技术的研究与进展

介绍了污泥前置减量技术中物理化学方法的国内外研究进展,评述了其存在的问题,并指出未来的发展方向.污泥前置物化减量技术符合污泥处理的发展要求,将会得到广泛的应用.     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复及超富集植物的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的植物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一。近年来对植物修复的研究日益增加,工业、农业和交通是土壤中污染物的三大主要来源。目前重金属污染土壤植物修复主要包括植物稳定、植物提取和植物挥发。由于超富集植物存在生物量小、生长缓慢的缺点,更应该关注具有高生物量的重金属耐(抗)性植物。     

关于地方推进现代环境治理体系实践进展的述评

为跟踪各地落实《关于构建现代环境治理体系的指导意见》的实践进展,本文通过比较各地发布的相关实施意见文本,结合实地调研座谈,总结典型案例,分析发现：(1)由于各地对现代环境治理体系内涵的理解存在差异,关注的重点领域有所不同,部分地方突破了“七大体系”。(2)实践中,在推动企业落实主体责任、优化政府监管服务、规范市场化建设、协同推进区域共建共保、激活基层治理效能、增强科学精准治理能力等方面形成了一些富有特色的实践经验。(3)《关于构建现代环境治理体系的指导意见》中的“七大体系”推进程度不均衡,政府、企业、社会组织和公众三大主体的力量结构失衡状态改善不明显,主要体现为“三多三少”,即政府责任体系和监管体系建设多,企业环境责任体系和社会治理体系建设少;关注规范第三方环境服务、落实“放管服”多,运用市场调节机制的案例少;社会治理以宣传活动和网格员机制多,践行绿色生活的全民行动体系成果少。为此,本文提出,加快建立环境治理体系现代化的评价体系,针对环境治理薄弱环节,协调推进“七大体系”建设等建议。     

含硫化亚铁颗粒的乳化原油净化处理方法

采用超声波和离心法在室内进行了从被硫化亚铁颗粒污染的乳化原油中回收原油的试验,试验结果表明:超声波-离心-溶剂稀释-离心处理工艺中,超声波处理工序主要用于乳化原油中游离水和部分乳化水的脱除,以降低后续离心处理工序的负荷。用超声波-离心处理工序分离出的沉渣和油、水过渡层经溶剂稀释后进行第二次离心处理。两次离心处理中所得到的净化油混合可作为商品原油外输,第二次离心处理中分离出的沉渣和油、水过渡层经进一步除油后可作为固体废物处理。     

常绿阔叶林改造为板栗林对土壤氮磷钾库及酶活性的影响

研究天然林改造为人工林对土壤养分库的影响,对于森林的可持续经营具有非常重要的意义。论文为探明天然常绿阔叶林改造为板栗林对土壤氮磷钾库及酶活性的影响,在浙江省临安市三口镇采集了相邻的天然常绿阔叶林和板栗林（板栗林由天然常绿阔叶林改造而来）的表层（0~20 cm）与亚表层（20~40 cm）土壤,测定土壤不同形态氮磷钾素和蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性。结果表明：表层和亚表层土壤pH值、水溶性有机氮（WSON）和微生物量氮（MBN）均显著降低,而铵态氮和硝态氮含量均显著增加（P < 0.05）;表层土壤全氮含量显著增加,而亚表层土壤全氮含量无显著变化;表层土壤树脂提取态磷（Resin-P_i）、碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷（NaHCO₃-P_i）、氢氧化钠提取态无机磷（NaOH-P_i）、盐酸提取态磷（HCl-P_i）和残余态磷（Residual-P）含量分别增加了61.4%、53.5%、19.2%、55.1%和25.3%,亚表层土壤Resin-P_i、NaHCO₃-P_i、HCl-P_i和Residual-P含量分别增加了64.6%、61.2%、13.7%和17.3%;而表层土壤碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷（NaHCO₃-P_o）和氢氧化钠提取态有机磷（NaOH-P_o）含量分别下降了24.8%和18.3%,亚表层土壤NaHCO₃-P_o和NaOH-P_o含量分别下降了20.5%和7.7%;表层土壤的速效钾、缓效钾、矿物态钾和全钾含量均显著增加,亚表层土壤速效钾、缓效钾含量显著增加,而矿物态钾和全钾无显著变化;表层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性显著下降,亚表层土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性显著下降（P < 0.05）。综上,上述林分转变对土壤无机氮磷钾库具有正面效应,而对土壤有机氮磷钾库与酶活性具有负面效应。     

某冶炼厂污染场地抽出-处理技术优化方案研究

本文以某冶炼厂实际污染场地为例,建立了水流和溶质运移耦合模型,在此基础上根据不同的井数、不同的单井抽水量、不同的井间距的组合建立了抽水方案79组,将各抽水方案进行不同权重的加权平均计算,得到的较集中的方案为最佳。此方法得出的方案较其他方法得到的方案优化性强。因此加权平均结合数值模拟方法可为实际工程提供可行性证据。