应用改进的数量化理论预测道路断面事故率

为准确预测道路断面的安全性,建立道路交通事故断面事故率模型。首先选定事故率作为微观预测目标,选取驾驶员的驾龄、车道数、平曲线半径、纵坡度、路面情况、路口路段类型、道路宽度7项因素作为主要影响因素,并且将各影响因素分为若干类目。在数量化理论的基础之上建立改进的数量化理论的道路断面事故率预测模型,最后以某国道222.888～377.387 km段作为算例进行计算,并选取事故多发段333.5～334.0 km处对模型进行具体应用。研究结果表明,对事故影响最大的是该路段中三枝交叉口,其次是3 a(含3 a)以下驾龄及四枝交叉口。     

综掘面风幕集尘除尘系统的参数优化与数值模拟

针对目前井下综掘面粉尘治理难的问题,研制了一种新型风幕集尘除尘系统。其中风幕风机的风速、除尘风筒的结构尺寸及出口压力是影响整个系统集尘除尘效果的决定性因素。为使风幕集尘除尘系统的防治粉尘效果达到最优,通过计算流体力学FLUENT软件,分析风幕风机风速、除尘风筒直径及出口压力改变的条件下风机的表面空气流线以及粉尘颗粒轨迹。得到风机风速、除尘风筒的直径及出口压力对整个系统集尘除尘效果影响的规律。结果表明:单方面增加风幕风机的风速或出口压力时,系统的集尘除尘效果在一定范围内可以变好,但是超过一定范围之后,风速的增加或者出口压力的增大反而使系统集尘除尘效果变差;在其他条件不变的情况下,除尘风筒直径越大系统集尘除尘效果越好。     

包埋异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株qy37脱氮效果的碳源选择

为解决有机碳不足抑制反硝化反应造成的脱氮效率低下的问题,在异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株qy37固定化过程中分别加入乳糖、柠檬酸钠、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖作为碳源研究其脱氮效果.试验结果显示,脱氮效果从大到小为可溶性淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖、柠檬酸钠、乳糖;其中可溶性淀粉作为碳源的脱氮效果最佳,脱氮率能达到85％.加入适量的可溶性淀粉可以很好的改善海藻酸钠、PVA小球的机械强度,减少PVA小球吸附成团,吸水溶胀现象.分别加入质量浓度为3 g/L、5 g/L、8 g/L、10 g/L的可溶性淀粉,确定菌株qy37菌最适碳源的质量浓度为8 g/L.对碳源的包埋方式即将碳源和异养硝化好氧反硝化菌分开包埋和一起包埋进行对比.试验结果显示,将碳源和异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株qy37一起包埋的小球脱氮效果较好,最终脱氮率达到92％以上.同时发现碳源材料固定化后具有缓释性能,随着反硝化过程中有机质的消耗,可以不断向水体释放有机质.     

Removal of arsenate from water by adsorbents: a comparative case study

Laboratory and field filtration experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness of As(V) removal for five types of adsorbent media. The media included activated alumina (AA), modified activated alumina (MAA), granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), granular ferric oxide (GFO), and granular titanium dioxide (TiO?). In laboratory batch and column experiments, the synthetic challenge water was used to evaluate the effectiveness for five adsorbents. The results of the batch experiments showed that the As(V) adsorption decreased as follows at pH 6.5: TiO? > GFO > GFH > MAA > AA. At pH 8.5, however, As(V) removal decreased in the following order: GFO = TiO? > GFH > MAA > AA. In column experiments, at pH 6.5, the adsorbed As(V) for adsorbents followed the order: TiO? > GFO > GFH, whereas at pH 8.5 the order became: GFO = TiO? > GFH when the challenge water containing 50 μg/L of As(V) was used. Field filtration experiments were carried out in parallel at a wellhead in New Jersey. Before the effluent arsenic concentration increased to 10 μg/L, approximately 58,000 and 41,500 bed volumes of groundwater containing an average of 47 μg/L of As(V) were treated by the filter system packed with GFO and TiO?, respectively. The As(V) adsorption decreased in the following sequence: GFO > TiO? > GFH > MAA > AA. Filtration results demonstrated that GFO and TiO? adsorbents could be used as media in small community filtration systems for As(V) removal.     

铅胁迫下不同生态型五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）的抗氧化系统的差异研究

为揭示不同生态型五节芒在抵抗Pb胁迫机制方面的异同,以粤北大宝山矿山开采地优势植物五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）为试验材料,比较了五节芒非矿山生态型（采自惠州市博罗县丘陵山地）和矿山生态型（采自大宝山矿区）在相同Pb质量分数下的生理响应。Pb胁迫会导致五节芒叶片MDA的积累,非矿区生态型五节芒MDA积累的幅度要大于矿区种群。非矿区生态型五节芒叶片中SOD的活性被Pb胁迫抑制,POD活性都受到Pb胁迫的诱导比对照有所增加,但矿区生态型增加的幅度要大于非矿区生态型,矿区生态型植株两种酶的活性在最高w（Pb）时都显著高于非矿区生态型植株。随Pb处理质量分数增大,非矿区种群五节芒叶片中PPO的活性呈先增加再下降的趋势,矿区生态型则显著增加,在最高w（Pb）处理时活性要显著高于非矿区生态型。表明矿山型五节芒的耐重金属Pb要强于非矿山型。     

广州南沙海岸防护林群落的生态效应初步研究

采用群落生态学和植物化学监测的研究方法,对广州市南沙海岸滩头近6 a生防护林群落的生物量、高温胁迫光合特征、NPP及吸储C、N、S、Pb、Cd、Cu、Hg的生态效应进行了定位观测研究,结果表明：海岸6种防护林群落的生物量的平均达到10.7 t.hm-2、NPP达到2.5 t·hm-2·a-1、生长要素表现为速生性生长特征。各种海防林群落的年均吸储空间CO2、NO2、SO2质量分别为4.2 t.hm-2、27.1 kg·hm-2和3.4 kg·hm-2,吸储Pb、Cd、Cu分别为13.2、4.4、0.1 g·hm-2,其生态环境功能已经初步凸显,可有效地减少这些元素在地表和土壤积累、迁移或随地表径流输出至生活环境的危害,对于海岸环境区域是非常有益的。雨季高温（气温t≥35.5℃）胁迫下,海岸路网林群落的优势种群净光合速率日均达到9.8μmol·m-2·s-1且乡土树种高于引进树种,高山榕（Ficus altissima）的日最高净光合速率达到14.3μmol·m-2·s-1,较羊蹄甲（Bauhinia blakeana）高0.4μmol·m-2·s-1、较塞楝（Kaya senegaiensis）高2.2μmol·m-2·s-1,优势树种适宜海岸滩头立地、高温胁迫的光合生理特点,是其速生长的原因之一。     

地下水水化学成分对类Fenton法氧化硝基苯的影响

实验主要研究了地下水水化学成分对类Fenton法氧化去除硝基苯的影响。采用天然细砂模拟地下含水层介质,利用砂样中的原位铁做催化剂进行类Fenton氧化硝基苯实验。通过不同硝基苯和过氧化氢摩尔比的类Fenton实验,确定两者的最优物质的量比。然后模拟配制Na-SO4、Na-Cl、Ca-HCO3和Ca-SO4型4种水化学成分不同的地下水,在硝基苯和过氧化氢最优物质的量比情况下,研究了地下水水化学成分对类Fenton法氧化去除地下水中硝基苯的影响。反应在棕色瓶中进行,并用20℃恒温培养振荡器,以120 r.min-1的频率对其振荡。分别在10、30、60、90和120 min时取样,用气相色谱法检测硝基苯的质量浓度。结果表明：硝基苯和过氧化氢的最佳物质的量比为1∶200;地下水的水化学成分对类Fenton反应有重要影响,Na-SO4、Na-Cl、Ca-HCO3和Ca-SO4型地下水中硝基苯的最终去除率分别约为91%、92%、75%、82%,反应所需的时间大约为90、30、120和30 min。因此,类Fenton法对硝基苯污染地下水的原位化学修复具有较好效果,研究结果可为硝基苯污染地下水的原位化学修复提供一定的理论依据。     

内源性气态SO2对大鼠血管的舒张作用及其机制IV:SO2对血压的调节与信号通路

为探讨内源性二氧化硫(SO2)对动脉血压的影响及其信号转导通路,采用大鼠颈动、静脉插管技术研究SO2对动脉压调节作用,通过离体血管环灌流试验观察SO2对NE引起的主动脉血管环收缩作用的影响,用生物化学方法与实时定量RT-PCR技术研究SO2对离体血管一氧化氮(NO)生成、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和基因表达的调节作用....     

Nitrous oxide fluxes from the littoral zone of a lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) fluxes were measured in six littoral mirco-zones of Lake Huahu on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the peak growing season of years of 2006 and 2007. The weighted mean N(2)O flux rate was 0.08 mg N m(-2) h(-1) (ranged from -0.07 to 0.35 mg N m(-2) h(-1)). The result was relatively high in the scope of N(2)O fluxes from boreal and temperate lakes. Emergent plant zones (Hippuris vulgaris and Glyceria maxima stands) recorded the highest N(2)O flux rate (0.11 ± 0.24 and 0.08 ± 0.17 mg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively). Non-vegetated lakeshore recorded the lowest N(2)O flux (0.03 ± 0.11 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), lower than that from the floating mat zone of Carex muliensis (0.05 ± 0.18 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), the floating-leaved plant zone of Polygonum amphibium (0.07 ± 0.11 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), and the wet meadow (0.07 ± 0.15 mg N m(-2) h(-1)). Standing water depths were important factors to explain such spatial variations in N(2)O fluxes. Significant temporal variations in N(2)O fluxes were also found. Such temporal variation in N(2)O flux in the littoral zone may be dependent on the interaction of water regime and thermal conditions, instead of the latter solely. These results showed the importance of the littoral zone of lake, especially the emergent plant zone, as a hotspot of N(2)O fluxes in such grazing meadows.     

Ground-high altitude joint detection of ozone and nitrogen oxides in urban areas of Beijing

Based on observational data of ozone(O3) and nitrogen oxide(NOx) mixing ratios on the ground and at high altitude in urban areas of Beijing during a period of six days in November 2011,the temporal and spatial characteristics of mixing ratios were analyzed.The major findings include:urban O3 mixing ratios are low and NOx mixing ratios are always high near the road in November.Vertical variations of the gases are significantly different in and above the planetary boundary layer.The mixing ratio of O3 is negatively correlated with that of NOx and they are positively correlated with air temperature,which is the main factor directly causing vertical variation of O3 and NOx mixing ratios at 600-2100m altitude.The NOx mixing ratios elevated during the heating period,while the O3 mixing ratios decreased:these phenomena are more significant at high altitudes compared to lower altitudes.During November,air masses in the urban areas of Beijing are brought by northwesterly winds,which transport O3 and NOx at low mixing ratios.Due to Beijing’s natural geographical location,northwest air currents are beneficial to the dilution and dispersion of pollutants,which can result in lower O3 and NOx background values in the Beijing urban area.